Palestinian President Urges International Community to Hold Israel Accountable for ‘Full-Scale War of Genocide’, on Day Three of Annual General Debate

All-out Mideast War Must be Averted, World Leaders Implore, Also Calling for Greater UN Support, Intervention to End Widening Crises in Sudan, Haiti

World leaders addressed multiple flashpoints and volatile crises in the Middle East and elsewhere during the third day of the General Assembly’s annual high-level general debate, with Mahmoud Abbas, President of the State of Palestine, urging the international community to hold Israel to account for carrying out a “full-scale war of genocide” and stressing that the Palestinian people “will not allow a single centimetre of Gaza to be taken”.

For almost a year, the Palestinian people have been “subjected to one of the most heinous crimes of our era”, said Mr. Abbas.  Israel has killed more than “40,000 martyrs in Gaza alone, and thousands remain under the rubble”.  Whole families have been wiped out, while more than 2 million Palestinians in Gaza have left their homes multiple times in search of safety.  The West Bank is under daily Israeli aggression, he went on to say.  “They are building everywhere in Palestine, as if all of Palestine is theirs,” he stressed.

Turning to the events of 7 October 2023, he recalled immediately stressing the need to avoid an all-out war.  “I condemned the killing of civilians, regardless of who they are, and regardless of what side they were on,” he said.  But instead of “hearing the voice of reason”, the Israeli Government took advantage of what happened to launch a genocidal war.  Noting that the United States has obstructed draft resolutions three times in the Security Council demanding Israel to observe a ceasefire, he said that country “alone stood and said, ‘No, the fighting is going to continue’.”

Mbae Mohamed, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Comoros, condemned the war in Palestine as the “purest form of genocide”.   Reaffirming solidarity with the Palestinians, he beseeched the international community to act towards an immediate cessation of hostilities and resumption of humanitarian supply, also working quickly to arrive at a two-State solution based on international law and relevant Security Council resolutions.  Further, he applauded the admission of Palestine as a full Member State of the UN.

Echoing that urgency, Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani, Prime Minister of Iraq, stated that in the Occupied Palestinian Territory today, there is public talk of mass starvation and the use of nuclear weapons to exterminate the population, who have been denied their rights amid a “shameful global paralysis”.  International law and Security Council resolutions are now “mere ink on paper” and are dangerous precedents that can result in dire consequences for all of humanity.  He further declared his country’s solidarity with Lebanon as it faces a new phase of brutal aggression that seeks to plunge the region into crisis — promising to provide support to enable it to withstand the attacks.

Stressing that his country is in a crisis that is threatening its very existence, Abdallah Bouhabib, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of Lebanon, said “this is a situation that requires international intervention on an urgent basis.”  Without such action, the crisis will “transform into a black hole that will engulf regional and international peace and security.”

Condemning the detestable, repugnant transformation of telecommunications devices into ticking time bombs claiming the lives of dozens, including children and women, he warned:  the Israeli occupying Power is attempting to extend the war, adding that the return of displaced Israelis cannot be achieved by bombarding Lebanese people.  “Has Israel not had enough of the endless wars since 1948 … Will Israel not embrace the path of peace?” he asked.  Reiterating support for the United States-French ceasefire initiative, he called on the United Nations to generate momentum towards ending this crisis.

For his part, Dick Schoof, Prime Minister of the Netherlands, stressed that “a major regional war must be prevented at all costs,” adding:  “and so must any new attack on Israel”.  Noting this begins with supporting international diplomatic initiatives, he echoed the call for implementation of the proposal by the United States and France for a temporary ceasefire.  It is urgent to “break the endless cycle of violence and help them see ‘the other’ for who they are”, he stated.

Turning to his country, Rashad Mohammed al-Alimi, President of the Presidential Leadership Council of Yemen, urged the need “to put an end to the false rhetoric concerning that crisis — which minimizes the role of Tehran.  “Iran has been manipulating the just Palestinian cause,” he said, accusing that country of using blackmailing and propaganda that undermined the peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as well as in Yemen.  “Leniency with the enemies of peace leads to the most heinous wars,” he stressed, as the Houthis continue to commit violence, hijacking planes, attacking oil facilities and issuing racist orders and laws.

Touching on a widening crisis in another part of the world, Edgar Leblanc Fils, President of the Presidential Council of the Transition of Haiti, said that nearly half of that Caribbean nation’s people are suffering from acute food shortages.  Painting a grim picture of the country’s unprecedented security crisis, he said the people of Haiti are afraid to send their children to school.  “Haiti is the greatest victim of a historical injustice,” he stressed.  Acknowledging the “heavy heritage” of serious human rights violations associated with UN missions, he called to change the current mission into a peacekeeping operation under the United Nations mandate.

Meanwhile, Sudan’s President of the Transitional Sovereign Council, Abdel-Fattah al-Burhan Abdelrahman al-Burhan, said a war in his country is being waged by a group of rebels receiving political and logistical support at the local and regional level.  “You’ve all witnessed the crimes, violations and atrocities committed by these rebels targeting the Sudanese people and the Sudanese State,” he emphasized, pointing to ethnic cleansing, forced displacement and genocide by the Rapid Support Forces.  The United Nations must shoulder its responsibility, specifically to protect developing countries.

In a different register, other Member States addressed the Fourth Industrial Revolution, with Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of Greece, stating that “like steam or electricity before it,” artificial intelligence (AI) presents a huge opportunity to transform human life and drive solutions across science, climate change and medicine.  However, noting that technology companies are transnational actors with more economic muscle than most countries at the United Nations, he pointed out that there is no framework to govern their actions or ensure accountability.  “The brains of our children are being rewired at an almost unimaginable scale, yet we do nothing,” he warned.

Tiémoko Meyliet Koné, Vice President of Côte d’Ivoire, agreed that AI holds great promise — yet warned that it can also hold a range of threats due to the lack of international regulations governing its use.  “It falls to us that these developments do not lead to a digital downgrading of some and that it serves the progress and well-being of all,” he stressed — welcoming the Global Digital Compact, which should be used by all nations.  Similarly, Prithvirajsing Roopun, President of the Republic of Mauritius, advised that for humanity to benefit from its transformative power, the regulation of AI must be anchored on international law.  He therefore welcomed the adoption of the Pact for the Future, “which is a renewed testimony to our collective resolve for the betterment of our world.”

Statements

LAZARUS MCCARTHY CHAKWERA, President of Malawi, called on Member States to act in urgency to fix the United Nations and other multilateral institutions.  The Security Council must give Africa two permanent seats with veto power.  “We need this fix to strengthen our voice on the issues that matter to us in Africa,” he went on.  No nation can survive a global crisis or develop in the face of shocks without strong multilateral cooperation to sustain it. “Coming off the back of the state of natural disaster that I declared last year to secure international cooperation in response to the devastation caused by Cyclone Freddy, I have had to declare another state of natural disaster this year to secure international cooperation in response to the El Niño weather conditions,” he said. Malawi has also suffered from the death of its Vice-President, Saulos Claus Chilima, in a plane crash, the cause of which is yet to be established, he said.

He noted various ways Malawi is focusing on developing the country, including through the building of roads and schools and strengthening education and governance institutions.  These projects are thriving due to cooperation with various countries from the United Kingdom to Saudia Arabia.  “Malawi is a testament to the power of cooperation to move a nation’s development forward into an inclusively wealthy and sustainable future,” he said.  If the future belongs to nations that know how to leverage the power of international cooperation, then the future belongs to Malawi.  But, some efforts to move forward are being significantly slowed down by a global system of multilateral agencies and financial institutions that are too slow, too inefficient, too monolithic and too undemocratic.

The debt-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratios in developing countries like Malawi are growing at an alarming rate, posing a significant threat to global financial stability, he warned.  “If this is not fixed, those who keep us in a state of perpetual debt when they have the resources to cancel those debts should make no mistake:  the spreading debt crisis in the developing world is a cancer that will make your own economies unsafe,” he added.  There is nothing wrong with healthy competition between nations, but competition must be fair.  The international system must ensure that the way nations compete and what they compete for is not rigged to disenfranchise some countries in accessing natural resources, international markets, financial support and new technology, which are currently skewed against the Global South.

“Even with the era of artificial intelligence (AI) being fully upon us, I worry that the rules for regulating this arena are already being written to empower some nations and give them unfair advantages over others,” he said.  Stronger governance institutions must enforce fair rules for accessing education, markets, technology, financing and natural resources.  If governance is weak here, there will be no one to regulate the collaboration and competition between nations in an equitable manner, and it is this absence of equity that is at the root of unwinnable conflict in Eastern Europe, in Palestine, in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and counting, he went on to say.

WILLIAM SAMOEI RUTO, President of Kenya, said that “the promise of the United Nations Charter to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war has been profoundly shaken”.  From Gaza to Darfur, Ukraine, Yemen, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, the Sahel region and the criminality in Haiti, conflict is inflicting a trail of destruction of life and livelihoods in historic proportions.  These conflicts have become battlegrounds for armed factions, external interventions and proxy wars, resulting in unprecedented repercussions on global stability and economic development.  Expressing regret that the world’s most powerful States have increasingly chosen unilateralism and militarization over dialogue and diplomacy, he observed that the capacity of multilateral institutions to maintain and enforce peace is “severely undermined”.

Spotlighting Kenya’s initiatives, he said that, through our participation in the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS), it has stood side by side with Somalia in its fight against Al-Shabaab. He welcomed the adoption of resolution 2719 (2023), establishing a framework for financing African Union peace support operations through UN assessed contributions, thereby enhancing collective peacekeeping efforts.  In 2024, he launched the all-inclusive Tumaini Initiative, bringing together the warring parties and the political leadership of South Sudan to address the root causes of the protracted conflict.  On the Multinational Security Support Mission to Haiti, he said that Kenya has deployed 382 specially trained police officers.  Nairobi’s support for the Haitian National Police has significantly advanced the pacification of cities and towns, protected critical infrastructure and relieved many communities previously held captive by criminal gangs.

He further underscored that the existing international security architecture, represented by the Security Council, continues to hamper efforts to maintain international peace and security.  “An institution that excludes 54 African countries, representing 1.4 billion people, while allowing one nation to veto decisions of the remaining 193 Member States, is unacceptable,” he asserted.  Many countries in the Global South are forced to choose between buying medicine and hospital equipment or paying debt, and between hiring teachers or paying debt, he observed, adding:  “This is not an abstract illustration detached from daily reality, but the normal experience of billions of ordinary people.”

Against this backdrop, he stressed that facilitating debt relief, grants and de-risking lending instruments are essential to developing vital infrastructure.  “Consider Africa’s immense untapped potential in clean energy resources,” he said, noting that harnessing this potential is crucial not only for the continent’s economic growth and social resilience, but also for global priorities like accelerating the energy transition and combating climate change.  In this context, he spotlighted the Africa Green Industrialization Initiative, aimed at unlocking investments for the continent’s immense opportunities.  This pan-African initiative promotes large-scale, high-impact, bankable green industrial and infrastructure projects.  Additionally, he said, the Africa Club — an alliance of African multilateral financial institutions to strengthen Africa’s position in the global financial architecture — will serve as a powerful negotiator on behalf of the continent, coordinate with global financial institutions and leverage African countries’ balance sheets to increase investment and create jobs.

RASHAD MOHAMMED AL-ALIMI, President of the Presidential Leadership Council of Yemen, reaffirmed the Yemeni Government’s commitment to achieving a “just and comprehensive peace”. In light of the escalation of violence from the Houthi militias, he called for a “collective approach to support the Government of Yemen” and ensure implementation of resolutions prohibiting the flow of Iranian weapons.  “Leniency with the enemies of peace leads to the most heinous wars,” he warned, noting that the militias will not engage in any peacemaking efforts.  Despite the truce approved by the Yemeni Government in 2022 and efforts to de-escalate, the Houthis continue to commit violence, hijacking planes, attacking oil facilities and issuing racist orders and laws.  Against this backdrop, he called on the international community to “take firm policies” and push the Houthis towards peace, in line with resolution 2216 (2015).

Turning to the “arrest” of the UN personnel by the Houthis, he said “there is widespread belief that the UN is responsible” for giving militias this opportunity.  He stressed that the UN’s decision to keep its headquarters in Sana’a — despite the Yemeni Government’s call to move it to Aden — has “unintentionally enabled these terrorists” to take UN personnel hostage and use them as a bargaining chip.  “This ongoing situation can be neither defended nor justified,” he emphasized, adding that “the presence of the UN headquarters in Sana’a emboldens these militias”.  There is a need to reconsider these policies, he asserted.

The Houthis’ terrorist attacks on international maritime navigation threaten not only Yemen, but the stability of the region, he said, detailing a recent attack by the Houthis on the crude oil tanker Sounion, which caused fires and risked being “one of the worst oil spills in history”.  Pointing out the devastating economic impact of these attacks, which have deprived Yemen of vital resources needed for salaries and services, he urged the international community to provide comprehensive support for Yemen to address the dire humanitarian conditions and “to lay the foundations for long-term economic recovery”. “The stability of Yemen is decisive in safeguarding peace and stability in the region and trade routes in the Arabian Sea,” he stated.

On the wider regional affairs, he called “to put an end to the false rhetoric concerning the issue of Yemen”, which minimizes the role of Tehran.  “Iran has been manipulating the just Palestinian cause,” he said, accusing that country of using blackmailing and propaganda that undermined the peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as well in Yemen, urging an end to the ongoing conflicts and the achievement of lasting peace in the region.

BRICE CLOTAIRE OLIGUI NGUEMA, Transitional President of Gabon, said his country has just celebrated the first anniversary of the Liberation Coup, having kept the promises to establish transitional institutions, release prisoners of conscience, ensure permanent inclusivity, hold an inclusive national dialogue and draft a new constitution.  “The next step is to organize the referendum in the coming months, the adoption of an electoral code and the revision of the electoral register,” he noted, adding that all of this progress supported by the people of Gabon contributes to a progressive return to the constitutional order through free, transparent and peaceful elections as soon as possible. He went on to mention significant reforms undertaken in sectors that directly affect human development: roads, health-care centres, schools, the return of school grants, the opening of competitions for major universities, the lifting of recruitment freeze and the payment of pension arrears.

He thanked all partners, friendly countries, and national and international donors for supporting this transition process despite its difficulties.  “On the day after the Liberation Coup of 30 August 2023, that was carried out without bloodshed, we advocated for the preservation of peace and for national unity by appealing to all stakeholders of the nation, whatever their origins, their beliefs or their social status, in an effort to build a fairer and more prosperous Gabon,” he recalled.  He stressed that respect for life, territorial integrity, the sovereignty of States to freely choose their partners and rejection of violence — all favour peacebuilding.

Turning to environmental issues, he reminded that Gabon has dedicated 13 national parks to the service of humanity, thus contributing to the absorption of more than 100 million net tons of CO2 per year and the preservation of threatened species.  “Nevertheless, this does not mean in any way that we are bypassing the expectations of our population who are focused on their basic needs being met,” he specified, reminding industrialized nations of the need to truly respect their commitments by supporting the countries that host the greatest carbon reservoirs in the world.

Urging to provide appropriate responses to the numerous conflicts in the world, particularly in Africa, he welcomed the adoption of resolution 2719 (2023) on the financing of peace support operations led by the African Union.  “Its implementation is a categorical imperative,” he emphasized, also voicing support to the efforts of the Secretary-General of the United Nations aimed at providing a realistic, pragmatic and sustainable political solution for the Moroccan Sahara.  He welcomed the official announcement by the United States of its support for the admission of two African States as permanent members of the Security Council. “However, Africa is expecting broader support from other permanent members of the Security Council for this initiative and at the same time we expect access for African members to the right to veto,” he said, also urging not to avert the gaze from Gaza with a view to the harmonious existence of the Palestinian and Israeli States and to lift the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed on Cuba. “Together, let us pool our efforts in a hope of a better future by acting in a different way in order to preserve the human race,” he concluded.

FAUSTIN ARCHANGE TOUADERA, President of the Central African Republic, recalled the 30 July decision of the Security Council to lift the unjust, harmful decade-long arms embargo on his country, noting that the belated move will help establish peace and security in the territory and region and contribute to sustainable development.  As the Central African Republic has great mining potential, he voiced optimism that the diamond embargo imposed by the Kimberley Process will also be lifted to aid the country’s economic development.  “Peace is inextricably linked to sustainable development,” he said, noting that this General Assembly session is marked by conflicts between the Russian Federation and Ukraine, between Israel and Hamas, in Sudan and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  Nonetheless, dialogue is the only tool that can put an end to the bloodshed, he said.

This year has been a period of stability for the Central African Republic, he continued, adding that the country will organize regional democratic elections for the first time in 40 years.  Measures have been taken to remove armed groups vying for control through violent means from the State.  Moreover, the tenth session of the Strategic Committee of the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration programme marked a turning point to appreciate the success of the National Reconciliation and the Luanda Joint Roadmap. Nonetheless, his country faces challenges including the construction of more military bases in key areas where defence against threats is lacking.  Turning to the climate crisis, he said that in sub-Saharan Africa, the “epicentre of humanitarian crises”, environmental catastrophes have caused more than 1,000 deaths and more than 4 million people to be displaced, with almost incalculable monetary cost in structural damage.

Developing countries pay the highest price in this world marked by strife and crises, he said.  Already made poor by centuries of slavery, colonialism and neocolonialism, meddling in their internal affairs and being disadvantaged by the international financial infrastructure, they are “looking on powerlessly” as security, financial, economic, food and environmental challenges mount.  Promises of financing to vulnerable countries are slow to come, and decisions made by powerful countries at United Nations Climate Change Conferences change like the weather.  While the Central African Republic has put measures in place to respond to climate change, it depends on often unstable financing, he said, urging the Assembly to work towards addressing security risks linked to climate change.  “The world is teetering close to the brink,” he warned, adding that the United Nations architecture that maintains peace and security is under unprecedented pressure. In that vein, Africa’s demands for Security Council reform and the right to the veto are legitimate.  Welcoming the United States’ support for the creation of two new permanent seats for Africa and one rotating seat for small island developing countries, he insisted that Africa — long sidelined — must also have veto powers.

Moreover, it is high time to accelerate reform of the global financial infrastructure to remedy inequality.  Financing to obtain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) must be mobilized to protect the planet.  In 2050, half the world’s global youth will live in Africa, and half of its countries will see their populations double.  While the documents signed at the Pact for the Future are a good first step, the implementation of the SDGs should be sped up, particularly in the areas of science, technology and digital cooperation.  Young people, women and girls must be included and invested in to guarantee a future for all, he said.  For its part, the Central African Republic’s ambitious National Development Plan 2024-28 strikes a balance between the needs of today’s population and future generations in line with human capital development.

MAHMOUD ABBAS, President of the State of Palestine, said that his people, for almost a year now, have been “subjected to one of the most heinous crimes of our era”.  Israel is carrying out a full-scale war of genocide, a crime that so far has killed more than “40,000 martyrs in Gaza alone, and thousands remain under the rubble”, he added.  Hundreds of Palestinian families have been annihilated.  Thousands have died because of the spread of disease and shortages in medicine and water.  More than 2 million Palestinians in Gaza have left their homes multiple times in search of safety.  Dozens of people are being killed every day.  The West Bank is under daily Israeli aggression, he went on to say. “They are building everywhere in Palestine, as if all of Palestine is theirs,” he stressed.  The Aqsa Mosque and its surroundings is the exclusive property of Muslims, and yet Israel is trying to erase that fact.  Turning to what happened on 7 October, he recalled that he immediately stressed the need to stop war.  “I condemned the killing of civilians, regardless of who they are, and regardless of what side they were on,” he said.  There is no need to detain women, children and the elderly. But instead of “hearing the voice of reason”, the Israeli Government took advantage of what happened to launch an all-out war.

Israel today is launching a new aggression against the Lebanese people, who are now being subjected to a war of genocide, he said, condemning the aggression, and demanding that it stops immediately. Israel has reoccupied the Gaza Strip in its entirety.  “Seventy-five per cent of everything in Gaza has been fully destroyed,” he added.  The international community must immediately impose sanctions on Israel.  “The massacres, the crimes, the genocide that Israel has been perpetrating against our people since its inception in 1948 to this very day will not go unpunished; there is no statute of limitations,” he stressed.  But despite repeated calls, the world has not succeeded in obliging Israel to stop this war of genocide and its war crimes against innocent civilians.

The United States has obstructed draft resolutions three times at the Security Council demanding Israel to observe a ceasefire, he went on to say.  “The US alone stood and said:  ‘No, the fighting is going to continue’,” he added.  It furnished Israel with the deadly weapons that it used to kill thousands of innocent civilians, including children and women.  This is the United States, the very country that was the only member in the Security Council that voted against granting the State of Palestine full membership in the United Nations.  “We don't deserve membership in the eyes of America,” he said.  Israel does not deserve to be a member in this international organization, he went on to say.  He commended the General Assembly for adopting a resolution that called on Israel to withdraw from the Palestinian territories within 12 months. He paid tribute to Turkish-American Aisha Noor, “killed by the occupation army in cold blood”.

He called for a comprehensive and permanent ceasefire in Gaza and an end to the military aggressions and attacks by terrorist settlers in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, he said.  Humanitarian aid must be delivered throughout Gaza while Israel fully withdrawals from the enclave.  “We will not allow a single centimetre of Gaza to be taken,” he warned, demanding the return of all those who have been displaced.  He also underscored the need to protect the work of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and other humanitarian organizations.  “We cannot fight Israel, and we don’t want to fight, but we want protection,” he said.  The Palestinian people must have authority over all Palestinian territories in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and Eastern Jerusalem, as has been stipulated by international law.  “We want a solution that will protect both countries, the State of Palestine and the State of Israel, so that they can coexist in peace, stability and security,” he said.

ADAMA BARROW, President of Gambia, called on the international community to recommit to implementing the Summit of the Future resolutions to tackle climate change, poverty, transnational crimes and conflict. Underscoring the need for comprehensive reforms within the UN system — particularly the Security Council and the international financial institutions — he stated:  “We must equally strive for a more representative, just and inclusive United Nations to shape the world we so dearly want.”  Like many least developed countries, Gambia faces immense challenges that threaten its survival as a nation and require collective international efforts.  The global community must assist the least developed countries in addressing the burden of inequality, building more robust economies and creating policy space for economic growth.  Concurrently, investment must be increased in capacity-building to tackle the debt burden.

He further underscored the need to bridge the digital divide and support technology transfer to advance development. Recognizing women’s indispensable role in socioeconomic development, he said that empowering women translates into community empowerment and — ultimately — inclusive development. Spotlighting Gambia’s participation in collective international efforts, he recalled that in 2023, it cosponsored General Assembly consensus resolution 77/276, which sought to engage the International Court of Justice on the obligations of States regarding climate change.

At the national level, Gambia is committed to promoting human rights and establishing a vibrant democratic environment.  The establishment of a National Human Rights Commission and entrenchment of a free, independent and impartial judiciary provide a solid framework and a sense of security for Gambia’s citizens, thus ensuring they have a place to seek redress for injustice.  Since 2017, Gambia has neither recorded a single political prisoner nor has any journalist or human rights activist been jailed.  Also, in August 2024, his country was recognized as one of Africa’s leading defenders of freedom of expression and ranked third in Article 19’s Global Expression Report 2024.

Turning to the ongoing conflicts in Palestine, Sudan, the Sahel, Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Libya, he urged the international community to explore all diplomatic means to restore lasting peace.  He also underlined the need to prioritize support for the post-conflict reconstruction of Gaza and improve the West Bank’s economic conditions.  Even though the situation in that region is dire, the intense destruction of lives and property continues, he observed, calling on the international community to join forces and urgently bring about permanent peace in Palestine.  As Chair of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), he reiterated his commitment to exploring every possible diplomatic and peaceful channel to resolve the Middle East crisis.  He also highlighted his Government’s collaboration with relevant countries to improve the plight of migrants.  “Although we must discourage irregular migration, we are duty-bound to respect the rights of migrants and ensure they are treated with dignity,” he added.

EDGARD LEBLANC FILS, President of the Presidential Council of the Transition of Haiti, said that as “the first Black republic in the world”, his country was proud of its heroic fight for freedom and human dignity and expressed hope for a better future, while calling for international solidarity.  Citing alarming data on climate change, poverty and conflicts faced by the world, he detailed their devastating effects on his country.  In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, Haiti is facing a high level of poverty and structural challenges, he noted, emphasizing that this global crisis demands comprehensive economic reform.  With nearly half of Haiti’s population suffering from acute food shortages, he warned that the country’s stability is at serious risk.  Noting that Haiti is one of “the least connected countries”, he called for urgent support “to fill in the digital divide” and enable his country’s participation in the global economy.

“These global challenges can only be addressed through renewed commitment to multilateralism, through solidarity and collective action,” he said, pledging his country’s commitment to build, together with the international community, “a future where peace, justice and human dignity are triumphant”.  Turning to Haiti’s internal political situation, he highlighted the creation of the Presidential Council of Transition — “the embodiment of the plurality of Haitian society” — as a key development in the country’s effort to overcome its multidimensional crisis.  While noting that the ultimate responsibility for his country’s recovery lies with the Haitian people themselves, he pointed out the international community’s responsibility, which played “a decisive role in the history of Haiti”.

Painting a grim picture of the unprecedented security crisis, which has engulfed Haiti — with people fearing to move around the country or send their children to school — he welcomed the decision of the Security Council to authorize the deployment of the Multinational Security Support Mission. However, he acknowledged the “heavy heritage” of serious human rights violations associated with previous UN missions and stressed the importance of learning from the past by “rethinking the approach”.  Therefore, he called on the international community to transform the current mission into a peacekeeping operation under the United Nations mandate.  Such a transformation, he stressed, would ensure more stable funding and reinforce Member States’ commitment to restoring security in Haiti.

“Haiti is the greatest victim of a historical injustice,” he stated, recalling that his country was forced to pay a colossal debt to France in 1825 in exchange for the recognition of its independence.  This debt, paid under threat, “siphoned off” vital resources from Haiti, “plunging it into an infernal cycle of impoverishment”. Demanding “recognition of the moral and historic debt”, he called for “the implementation of just and appropriate reparations, which will make it possible for our people to free themselves from the invisible chains of this unjust past”.

ABDEL-FATTAH AL-BURHAN ABDELRAHMAN AL-BURHAN, President of the Transitional Sovereign Council of Sudan, said his country stands convinced of the important role played by the United Nations and supports all initiatives towards reforming the Organization and its bodies, specifically the Security Council, so that these bodies can put an end to the protracted crises. “Unilateral measures taken outside the United Nations framework in complete violation of the UN Charter and international law, political and economic restrictions — these are the main drivers of instability,” he stressed, adding that double standards and selectiveness are currently prevailing in international affairs.

In Sudan, a war is being waged by a group of rebels receiving political and logistical support at the local and regional level, he said. “You’ve all witnessed the crimes, violations and atrocities committed by these rebels targeting the Sudanese people and the Sudanese State,” he emphasized, pointing to countless crimes, ethnic cleansing, forced displacement and genocide by the Rapid Support Forces, which should be considered a terrorist group.  “And it is most unfortunate that it is receiving the support of some States in the region,” he specified, adding that the terrorist group has also hit diplomatic missions and the UN office in Sudan, so there is all the more reason to call for Security Council reform to avoid the policy of impunity and double standards.  “This devastating aggression being waged by the RSF [Rapid Support Forces], with the support of the States in the region providing funding and mercenaries as well as weapons to the RSF, has resulted in the deaths of dozens of thousands of Sudanese and the displacement of many millions more,” he recalled, pointing out the regional political players who are in favour of the war.

He stated that the Sudanese Government is steadfastly committed to facilitating humanitarian assistance and protecting humanitarian convoys and personnel.  “The protection of civilians is our responsibility, especially when women and children are being hit the hardest by violations committed in the areas controlled by the militias — some women and children have even been sold in the marketplace,” he said.  “This organization must shoulder its responsibility, specifically so as to protect developing countries in the face of the efforts of some other States who would like to control our people’s riches through the use of force and specifically through the use of money,” he stressed, adding that numerous crimes in Sudan are the product of the policy of double standards as well as political approaches based on exerting power and economic blackmail.

Recalling that the Sudanese Armed Forces is one of the State’s oldest institutions, which is non-politicized and is very much in favour of the democratic transition, upholding the commitments of the glorious 2019 revolution, he said that his country will never accept the return to the previous regime, which was rejected by the Sudanese people.  “We will continue pursuing peace, working with all groups who laid down their weapons as well as with groups who still carry weapons but who are willing to respect the Juba Peace Agreement signed in 2020,” he said, adding that the Rapid Support Forces rebelled against the State and are committing terrorist crimes, so they should be considered as such at the United Nations.  In conclusion, he urged to put an immediate end to the aggression in Gaza and Lebanon, calling for full membership in the United Nations for Palestine.

CARLOS MANUEL VILA NOVA, President of Sao Tome and Principe, said that as a small island developing State, his country bears the brunt of climate change, which represents the greatest existential threat to the country.  Worse, even though Sao Tome and Principe produces only a tiny portion of greenhouse gases, it suffers the most from the effects of climate change, including sea level rise, coastal erosion and a loss of biodiversity, threatening all lives on the island.  The international community must respect commitments made in the Paris Agreement on climate change and listen to the most affected countries, he said, calling for ambitious, global, concrete actions.  The upcoming UN Climate Change Conference in Baku is a crucial moment to reaffirm a collective commitment to limit global warming to 1.5°C.  Concrete actions must address the impacts of climate change, and the largest emitters must fulfil their “historical and moral” obligations in reducing their emissions while also honouring their promises of climate financing to developing countries, he said.  Moreover, adaptation mechanisms must be funded.

Though the country is already investing in solutions such as sustainable use of marine resources and renewable energies, support is required for scaling up those solutions to be fit to task.  Sustainable development is not a choice for Sao Tome and Principe but a necessity, and against the backdrop of the rapidly approaching deadline for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, much progress remains. Support for development must be renewed, and new models of partnership between States must be explored, he said. Without an international environment that promotes free trade and peace, the country’s efforts will be hampered. The importance of strengthening multilateralism and ensuring that all States, regardless of size and economic power, have a voice cannot be understated.  “Multilateralism is our best tool for tackling collective challenges that transcend borders,” he added.

Turning to Africa, he said that the continent continues to be the scene of protracted conflicts requiring diplomatic intervention and African solutions for African problems in respect of the sovereignty of States.  Addressing conflicts in the Middle East, he said that diplomatic efforts must be redoubled for the peaceful resolution of conflicts, adding:  “There can be no development without peace, and peace is only possible with justice.”

“The future we want must be built on the foundations of cooperation, solidarity and mutual understanding,” he recalled, underlining that COVID‑19 illuminated the reality of interdependence of nations and the need for cooperation to address global challenges.  “The world’s current affliction is not inevitable,” he said. Without the United Nations and with all countries divided, the world will fall into conflict, he said, hailing multilateralism.  However, the world has changed since the Organization’s inception and must evolve. Sao Tome and Principe advocates for Security Council reform, in particular “the need to think of Africa as a part of the world”.  The Council cannot continue reflecting the same power structures of 1945, a time of colonization, he urged.  Finally, turning to other global affairs, he called for an end to the unjust embargo on Cuba and reaffirmed support for Morocco’s sovereignty as well the country’s efforts to find a “peaceful and credible solution to the dispute” as well as the Morocco-Nigeria pipeline initiative, which reflects regional integration and sustainable growth.

KING LETSIE III of Lesotho, noting that his country was founded on the principle of peace, said that its founder “Morena Moshoeshoe I was able to bring together different tribal groups, avert conflicts and negotiate lasting peace that to this day, we strive to maintain”.  The United Nations has continued to forge peace in conflict-ridden areas around the world, he said, reaffirming his country’s commitment to advance the collective vision of a prosperous and lasting future for all. Voicing concern about a troubling trend where 48 developing countries spend more on loan interest payments to developed nations than on essential services, he stressed that this economic inequality drives migration, as refugees seek better opportunities, often leading to xenophobia and conflict in host countries.  “Addressing this inequality is crucial for fostering inclusive development and ensuring global peace and stability,” he stressed.

His Government plans to present its third voluntary national review on sustainable development in 2025 but achieving that requires stronger partnerships and increased financial support, particularly for vulnerable countries that are both least developed and landlocked, he pointed out.  In Lesotho, climate change exacerbates environmental degradation, impacting agriculture, water resources and energy supplies, leading to food shortages which have compelled the Government to declare a state of emergency in food security.  Nonetheless, his country will pursue opportunities that will enable greater self-sufficiency, he said, noting:  “Lesotho’s stock in trade is a high-quality suite of renewable energy resources of sun, wind and a plentiful supply of the purest mountain water.”  This will enable the establishment of a sustainable renewable energy and water economy, he said, adding that Lesotho aims to satisfy the deficit in its domestic energy demand and to export clean energy and high-quality water to the region.  “Our goal to fully meet commitments to the Paris accord well in advance of 2050 will be attained, with the potential of Lesotho being among the first countries in Africa to be a fully carbon-neutral electricity generator,” he added.

Turning to other development goals, he said the Government has implemented policies and laws for gender equality and the protection of women and girls.  It has made strides in the fight against HIV/AIDS, he said, highlighting that since 2010, new HIV infections have been reduced by 74 per cent. Voicing concern about threats to global peace and security, he said the Security Council must take a proactive leading role in the mediation of disputes and adopt a multilateral approach. Turning to human rights, he urged the full implementation of UN resolutions aimed at ending all forms of colonialism and occupation, particularly ensuring the right to self-determination of the people of Western Sahara.  The human rights violations in Gaza require urgent attention, he stressed, reiterating his call for a ceasefire and realization of the two-State solution.  “Genuine dialogue and mediation and respecting both parties’ rights and concerns are crucial for resolving the Palestine question,” he added.  He also called for a mediated solution to the unilateral coercive measures imposed on Cuba and the lifting of sanctions on Zimbabwe.

Pointing to the principle of subsidiarity, he called for greater and more effective cooperation between the Security Council and regional organizations, as outlined in Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, for the swift resolution of regional conflicts.  Further, the Council must be more representative of UN membership and thus enjoy legitimacy, he said, advocating for comprehensive Council reform in line with the common African position, the Ezulwini Consensus.

GORDANA SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA, President of North Macedonia, recalled that the Prespa Agreement was signed and ratified in 2018, a process that was followed by an unsuccessful referendum and constitutional changes, following which her country, the Republic of Macedonia, legally became the Republic of North Macedonia.  Underscoring that “what is legal is not always just and legitimate”, she said that, in her country’s case, it has not acted in accordance with the right to self-determination.  “The line that divides the legal from the just is sometimes merely a crack, but other times it is a deep gap and even an abyss,” she said, adding that such abyss most often and most severely affects the small nations.  She also stressed that her country’s European Union membership — after 20 years of negotiations — resembles Mr. Godot, encouraged by international representatives with the refrain “just this one condition more”.

The stagnation of the European integration not only demotivates her country’s citizens and slows down reforms, but also destabilizes the region of South-East Europe, she observed.  “Enlargement must be tied to the meritocratic Copenhagen criteria and freed from the veto linked to the attempt to revise history and disrespect national and cultural identity,” she said, calling for fair unblocking of the negotiations for European Union membership and rejecting double standards. “The European reunification is like an unfinished symphony without us,” she stated, noting that the full integration of the Balkans into the bloc will end the redrawing of borders and balkanization as a phenomenon.

In the most famous dialogue about power and justice, Thucydides recalls that “justice is a word that has value in disputes between men only when both sides are of equal strength; in other cases, the strong do what they can, and the weak what they must”.  However, she said, “the UN exists to ennoble the cruel Thucydian world by securing legal equality among nations, taming the power of the great and protecting small nations”.  The Organization exists to bridge — or at least narrow — the gap between the legal and the just.  While the UN has prevented another world war, it failed to prevent and preclude regional conflicts, including the war in Ukraine and the bloodshed in the Middle East. It has lifted millions of people from poverty but still fails to eradicate hunger.  With the right to self-determination, it accelerated the process of decolonization but failed to bridge the gap between the rich North and the poor South.

The International Court of Justice, she continued, is “the ultimate instance of justice between States”, yet its judgments are not always implemented or even treated as advice.  The world is going through a turbulent geopolitical, economic, scientific, technological and industrial transformation in which man has a huge impact on the planet.  “And instead of increased cooperation and action on pressing issues, the geopolitical rivalry and the new arms race are intensifying that are rapidly pushing us towards a state resembling a new, second cold war and Orwell’s world too,” she cautioned.  To overcome political marginalization, a new spirit of multilateralism is needed to alleviate geopolitical rivalries and increase cooperation among States.  “Only a fundamentally reformed United Nations can bridge the gap between the legal and the just and contribute to a truly transformed world in which no one is left behind and forgotten,” she declared.

LUIS LACALLE POU, President of Uruguay, noting this would be his last address to the Hall as his country’s leader, reflected on his previous speeches, identifying a consistent theme of “responsible freedom”.  “It is impossible to understand humanity without understanding concessions individuals are making for the global good,” he said. Globalization presents an opportunity for mutual understanding and collaboration, he said, provided there is “tolerance and respect for those who may think differently”.  He underlined the need for fair international law, which is applied “to all equally, regardless of a country’s size and regardless of the country’s economic power”.  “We must work together to build international law,” he urged.

No country is obliged to participate in international organizations, he said, however doing so would mean isolating yourself in this interconnected world.  While a large part of the freedom lies within our countries, he cautioned that a leader’s words can have both positive and negative repercussions, stressing that divisive politics only “reach and retain power” at the expense of unity.  He condemned the authoritarian regime in Venezuela, which has long “attacked freedom and the common good”.  Even though many Governments have turned a blind eye on the situation in Venezuela, he urged to “act for Venezuela and the Venezuelan people”.

Highlighting the link between environment and economy, he detailed his country’s efforts in pioneering financial instruments like green bonds.  He went on to emphasize the need for international treaties to be not only agreed upon but fully implemented, warning that failure to do so would “lead to a loss of stimulus in caring for the environment”.

On free trade, he reiterated his stance against protectionism, adding that “it is not possible to fully enjoy freedom in the absence of free trade.”  Calling for a more open world for goods and services, he stated that economic openness and domestic prosperity can coexist.  “We are all one,” he said, adding:  “We will progress more quickly if we are more united.”

RATU WILIAME MAIVALILI KATONIVERE, President of Fiji, said that from Gaza to Sudan, Ukraine, Afghanistan and beyond — conflicts rage on, as humanitarian needs escalate.  Reminding that in 2024, at least 72 countries, whose combined population comprises almost half of the world’s total population, have already or will soon select their own leaders at the polls, he noted that the world is in need of courageous leaders who are willing to garner the political will and mobilize the resources to bridge the divide and seek solutions that benefit humankind.  “Strong international cooperation, diplomacy and a commitment to upholding the principles of the United Nations are not only important but indispensable,” he said, urging to go back to the basics — the foundation and purpose of the Charter of the United Nations, which is only as strong as its Member States.

“For 79 years, the global community has placed its trust in multilateralism and in the United Nations to foster cooperation, uphold human rights and promote global stability,” he recalled, pointing to the current age of distrust, fuelled by the increasing disconnect between people’s expectations and the inadequate responses of the multilateral system.  He also called for countering misinformation and disinformation, as trust is a prerequisite for effective multilateralism. “The stakes are high for developing countries, including small island developing States and least developed countries that continue to be left behind in the development race, as we grapple with multiple crises,” he went on to say, underscoring that recovery from the frequency and magnitude of climate-related shocks, including disasters, are a costly affair.

Spotlighting that the Blue Pacific Continent knows the value of peace, having lived through the horrors of its absence as a theatre of the two world wars and a testing ground for the most dangerous weapons, he stressed that on 25 September 2024 there was a unilateral test-firing of a ballistic missile into the Pacific Ocean.  “We urge respect for our region and call for cessation of such action,” he said, adding that Fiji may be a small State but, through its leadership and stewardship roles in the region, makes a profound contribution to regionalism and multilateralism.  “We commit to the principles of the 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent,” he emphasized, calling for concerted efforts at the World Trade Organization (WTO) to finalize part two of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement, which addresses subsidies to overfishing and overcapacity.

He also reiterated the importance of understanding the vast ocean space, guided by science and data, in order to undertake risk-informed decisions.  “Deep, rapid and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in line with 1.5°C must be vigorously pursued and accelerated,” he said, adding that the phase-out of unabated coal power, transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, will contribute to the achievement of net zero targets by 2050, when around 240 of Fiji’s coastal communities will be displaced due to sea-level rise while 42 communities are in urgent need of relocation.  “With the limitations of the multilateral climate financing architecture, Fiji has established the world’s first national Relocation Trust Fund to support our relocation costs,” he stressed, pledging to work closely with the United Nations and all Member States to advance efforts towards building a better, safer and fairer world for all.

TEODORO NGUEMA OBIANG MANGUE, Vice-President of Equatorial Guinea, said that his country remains unwavering in its position on ending conflict and establishing peace through preventative diplomacy.  He called on all parties to conflicts — either directly or by proxy for economic or neocolonial interests — to choose inclusive negotiations.  The proliferation of conflict is “further proof of the obsolescence incapacity, and inefficiency of the United Nations Security Council today”.  Instead of solving conflicts, the Council is the place where geostrategic interests are played out, effectively blocking resolution to conflict and prolonging the suffering of concerned populations.  The Security Council must end its “obsolete composition which dates back to 1945” that disadvantages Africa as it lacks a permanent seat.  In line with the Ezulwini Consensus and the Sirte Declaration, the continent has called for this injustice to be corrected for the past 20 years, he said, reiterating demands for two permanent seats with all their commensurate privileges and five additional non-permanent seats.

Voicing deep concern over the situation in the Sahel, he noted that interference, pressure and blockades applied on countries of the Global South by “some other countries” causes the instability in the region today and prevents African countries from prosperity.  While no country is perfect, some act as judges, intervening in the domestic affairs of other countries.  All nations have the right to decide on their bi-lateral partners and agreements, he stressed.  In that vein, he spotlighted the decades-long economic, commercial and financial embargo on Cuba, calling for it to be lifted and for the country to be taken off the “infamous list of countries that allegedly sponsor terrorism”.  The embargo goes against the spirit of the Pact for the Future, advocating to leave no one behind, he said.

“African countries can become major actors in global supply chains”, he said noting that the continent has stores of raw materials needed in the technology sector and its own markets.  Africa, therefore, deserves priority attention in development support, in addition to financing to achieve the SDGs and the African Union’s Agenda 2063. “Commitments to finance sustainable development must be honoured,” he urged.  Committed to the protection of human rights globally and sounding the alarm over the systematic violation of them in conflict zones, he voiced grave concern over the crisis in Haiti.  A thorough analysis of the root causes for that country’s “chronic” situation is required to find a stable solution, he said, proposing a UN international conference for Haiti.

UDUCH SENGEBAU SENIOR, Vice-President and Minister for Justice of Palau, said this year, her country celebrates 30 years of independence.  Underscoring the critical role of women, she highlighted the first-ever “Meeting of Women in Elected Leadership”, held in Palau on 30 September 2023.  Over the past four years, Palau has undertaken initiatives that empower women in their traditional roles, enabling them to scale their entrepreneurial ventures and raise their profiles.  These efforts give women a pathway into entrepreneurship and business.  Noting that food security is central to Palau’s long-term resilience, she pointed to the national goal to reduce food imports from 80 per cent to 60 per cent by 2030.  “By promoting local food production, we not only preserve our traditions but also combat non-communicable diseases linked to overreliance on imported, processed foods,” she added.

As a small island developing State, Palau confronts unique challenges that threaten its economic development, environment and survival, she said, adding that these countries bear the brunt of the climate crisis. Palau has experienced more intense storms, and landslides and prolonged droughts are becoming the new normal. The ripple effects of global climate disasters have caused the cost of imported goods to skyrocket, further jeopardizing the country’s food security and economic stability.  “The global response to climate change is a matter of life and death,” she stated.  Sea-level rise is one of the most urgent challenges for small island developing States as they sit just a few meters above sea level, leaving them vulnerable to coastal erosion, flooding and storm surges.  “This is not only a present threat but an existential crisis for future generations,” she cautioned, spotlighting national steps to relocate critical infrastructure — including a hospital and schools — to protect people from rising waters and climate-related disasters.

Palau’s National Adaptation Plan prioritizes immediate and long-term actions to build resilience, focusing on protecting vital ecosystems and sustainable development.  Mitigation is equally important, she observed, noting her country’s commitment to reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to renewable energy.  Solar, wind and ocean energy provide opportunities to reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels and secure a cleaner, more sustainable future.  As Co-Chair of the Ocean Panel, Palau plays a vital role in shaping global ocean governance, she said, citing the 2025 UN Ocean Conference in Nice, France, as “a pivotal moment” for accelerating ocean action. Palau has also declared a national moratorium on deep-sea mining, reaffirming her country’s unwavering commitment to preserving marine ecosystems.

SABAH AL KHALED AL SABAH, Crown Prince of Kuwait, said that the Summit of the Future shed light on the grave global challenges requiring genuine political will to reform international institutions, particularly the Security Council and international financial bodies.  “Decision-making at the Security Council must be based on the principle of democracy and equitable representation,” he stressed, adding that the Council “must be able to respond to a world that is completely different to the world of 1940”.

Voicing concerns about the misuse of technological innovations such as AI and social media — which are increasingly being exploited for terrorist recruitment and spreading hate speech — he said that “confronting this scourge requires international cooperation”.  Moreover, there will be no justice or equality as long as double standards are applied, he said, calling for accountability for those who violate the Charter of the United Nations.

On the regional issues, he said that his country will soon assume chairmanship of the Gulf Cooperation Council — a “pillar for stability and prosperity” in the region.  Reaffirming Kuwait’s commitment to good neighbourliness, he urged Iraq to solve outstanding issues, including maritime border demarcation and the return of Kuwaiti prisoners and property.  Turning to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, he condemned the “dangerous escalation of military operations” by Israeli “occupational forces”, which have subjected Gazans to collective punishment.  “Peace in our region will not be achieved unless an independent State of Palestine is established,” he stressed.

He went on to call for a return to peaceful political processes in Sudan, Libya, Yemen and Syria, stressing the need for dialogue to resolve ongoing conflicts.  Condemning the air strikes and military operations launched by Israeli occupation forces against Lebanon, he emphasized that these operations were conducted in “flagrant violations of all norms and international law” and claimed lives of innocent civilians.  He warned of the broader repercussions of such aggression on the region, urging full implementation of resolution 1701 (2006).  On Iran, he reiterated Kuwait’s call for dialogue based on mutual respect and non-interference in the internal affairs of neighbouring countries. Looking ahead, he detailed Kuwait’s Vision 2035 and emphasized the importance of digital diplomacy in navigating global challenges.

LUÍS MONTENEGRO, Prime Minister of Portugal, said his country “is an uncompromising advocate of multilateralism as a method of cooperation and organization of the international system,” adding that his country is a candidate for a non-permanent seat of the Security Council for 2027-2028.  “We want to move forward with the reform of the global governance system to guarantee greater representativeness, transparency, justice and cooperation,” he said, calling for reforming the Security Council to make it more representative, agile and functional.  “Portugal supports the African Common Position and the aspirations of Brazil and India to become permanent members,” he continued, noting that small and medium-sized countries should also have their representation strengthened, alongside with the limitation and greater scrutiny of the use of the veto.

As chronic hunger is on the rise, affecting one in 10 people globally, while acute food insecurity has almost tripled since 2016, he welcomed the Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty.  Recalling the needs of people affected by conflict, he said that Ukraine, Gaza, Sudan, Myanmar, the Sahel and now Lebanon are examples of the suffering of millions of people forced to leave their homes and families, while rising temperatures, forest fires which tragically hit his country recently, droughts and other extreme weather events have forced millions to move. “The context of human rights protection is severely weakened and threatened,” he stressed, urging to combat relentlessly all forms of discrimination and hatred that undermine the cohesion of our societies.

“The Russian Federation’s war of aggression against Ukraine constitutes a flagrant violation of international law,” he continued, underscoring that the negative effects of this war — the food, energy and inflation crises — are echoing around the world, with the greatest impact on the most fragile regions.  In Lebanon, he called on the parties to exercise maximum restraint to avoid escalation. Condemning the horrific terrorist attacks by Hamas on 7 October 2023 and demanding the release of all hostages, he stated:  “We will not stand by the humanitarian disaster and the growing number of civilian victims in Gaza.  It is imperative to unconditionally cease hostilities.”  Speaking about conflict prevention and mediation, particularly in Africa, he highlighted Portugal’s consistent presence in UN peacekeeping operations and European Union missions, with national forces deployed in Mozambique, Somalia, South Sudan, the Central African Republic and the Gulf of Guinea.

“Portugal is a maritime country:  97 per cent of our territory is ocean,” he emphasized, supporting the development of a “new sustainable blue economy” in line with the 2030 Agenda and calling for a joint effort to finalize an ambitious treaty to eliminate plastic pollution by the end of 2024.  “We want to incorporate 47 per cent renewables into final energy consumption by 2030,” he went on to say, adding that technological development needs to be conceived through a human-centred lens and based on international law.  Speaking in Portuguese, the fourth most spoken language in the world as a mother tongue which unites over 260 million people on all continents and which is an official and working language in 33 international organizations, he expressed hope to have Portuguese recognized as an official language of the United Nations, as this idea was recently supported in New York by the President of Brazil.

WESLEY W. SIMINA, President of the Federated States of Micronesia, reporting that his country is currently in a state of emergency due to extended drought, underscored:  “For us, every degree, every inch of sea-level rise and every delay matters.” The 1.5°C goal is “the safety limit” for small islands, he added, as beyond that lies a “danger zone” of “deadly heat that will cost lives, impact our food and water systems and drown many of our low-lying islands”.  The world must cut emissions.  However, as carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, the benefits of those cuts will not be felt until later this century.  “We need to control temperatures now,” he stressed, calling on large emitters to prioritize reducing other pollutants such as methane, fluorinated gases and black carbon.  And, as the world acts towards this end, all countries must also agree on a plan to transition away from fossil fuels in a fair, just and equitable manner.  “In this connection, I am announcing that Micronesia endorses the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative,” he stated.

He went on to emphasize that, while sea-level rise threatens the livelihood, well-being and security of communities and ecosystems in small island nations, “this climate crisis does not jeopardize our Statehood or sovereignty, nor does it diminish our rights under international law”. Leaders from the Pacific Islands Forum and the Alliance of Small Island States have affirmed that their maritime zones, as recognized by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, will remain valid despite physical changes due to climate change. Further, he said that his country joins others in emphasizing the necessity of comprehensive knowledge, data and scientific understanding of the marine environment and the impacts of deep seabed mining before any exploitation occurs.  And, welcoming the adoption of the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction, he recalled that he was the first leader to sign that instrument and urged others to do so.

He also noted that the international community is set to adopt a legally binding treaty to end plastic pollution in Busan, Republic of Korea, later in 2024.  This agreement, he stressed, “must address plastic pollution at its source” — plastic production, particularly primary plastic polymers derived from fossil fuels. Spotlighting his country’s “Bridge to Busan” declaration, launched earlier in 2024, he said this calls for international support to regulate plastic production in the treaty.  If the unsustainable production of primary plastic polymers is not addressed, “the global goal of ending plastic pollution by 2040 and limiting the average temperature rise to less than 1.5°C cannot be achieved”, he underscored.  Stating that his country is dedicated to reducing and preventing the causes and impacts of climate change and sea-level rise, he spotlighted its commitment to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.

For its part, he said that the UN system — particularly the Security Council — must adapt to address the challenges posed by the climate crisis in a comprehensive, coordinated manner.  As that organ “struggles to effectively tackle major peace and security issues”, he emphasized that reform must make it more effective, inclusive, transparent and accountable:  “It must reflect the realities of today, rather than those of 1945.” Therefore, permanent membership must be expanded to include Japan, India, Germany, Brazil and representation from Africa, and the voices of underrepresented regions — such as small island developing States — must be amplified.  Further, such States must be supported by an increase in climate finance and investment, and he called on developed countries to fulfil their commitments in this regard.  “Let this Assembly be remembered not for words spoken, but for deeds done, for promises kept and for the lasting legacy we leave for generations to come,” he urged.

PRITHVIRAJSING ROOPUN, President of the Republic of Mauritius, said because the United Nations emerged from the ashes of war and untold sufferings, “we have a moral obligation to ensure that the ultimate sacrifice of millions of women and men was not in vain.”  He lamented that the international system is eroding in its once-embodied values of peace, justice, equity, respect for the rule of law and human dignity, with might taking over and impunity prevalent.  “The dignity of the weakest is being shamelessly flouted, on a scale never seen before,” he regretted, pointing out the heart-wrenching devastation and suffering in Gaza.  The international community must work towards a just, lasting peace in the region, with a two-State solution guaranteed to uphold human dignity and equality for all.  Mauritius welcomes the International Court of Justice’s advisory opinion on the legal consequences arising from Israel’s occupation of the Palestinian Territory and urges renewed commitment to diplomacy and constructive dialogue, he said.

On the “unprecedented technological revolution” the world has witnessed in a short time, he advised that for humanity to benefit from its transformative power, the regulation of artificial intelligence must be anchored on international law.  He therefore welcomed the adoption of the Pact for the Future, “which is a renewed testimony to our collective resolve for the betterment of our world.” Additionally, the configuration of global multilateral and financial institutions should reflect today’s realities and be more representative and responsive to the realities of all countries. “This is the only way to pave for a more equitable and resilient world, where human dignity is upheld,” he said, going on to highlight his Government’s efforts to deepen economic, social and cultural inclusivity as well as improve education, healthcare and infrastructural development.

Because no country can singularly overcome multiple crises, the climate emergency is one of the most pressing global threats, he observed. It is particularly disheartening that small island States like his, which have contributed the least to global emissions, are affected the most.  A multilateral approach to confront these threats is therefore “an absolute necessity”.  “We must achieve the highest possible ambition while ensuring equity, common and differentiated responsibilities,” he implored, emphasizing that “this target is a lifeline for all of us, especially SIDS.”  He therefore called for an agreement on a fair, ambitious New Collective Quantified Goal on climate and welcomed the recent advisory opinion of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea on Climate Change, describing it as a “juridical lighthouse, compelling all States to chart a new course, guided by science and the moral imperative of inter-generational equity”.

Mauritius is committed to the implementation of the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for Small Island Developing States adopted earlier this year and welcomes innovative approaches and the use of the multidimensional vulnerability index for enhancing the effectiveness of access to concessional finance.  He described Africa as a land of untapped potential with its youth ready to contribute to global solutions and called upon the international community to participate in the continent’s transformative journey. Optimistic that the Pact for the Future “will serve as the guiding star leading us to an improved world for tomorrow’s generations”, he expressed confidence for a better, brighter and more equitable world.

CHARLES MICHEL, President of the European Council of the European Union, highlighting the major conflicts of the day that together form “an explosive cocktail”, pointed to the wars in Ukraine, Gaza and the Middle East and Sudan.  It is a permanent member of the Security Council that has launched an illegal war in Ukraine, he said, adding that “this war is a threat to each and every one of us.” The Union will support Ukraine for as long as necessary, he said, reaffirming commitment to a comprehensive, just and lasting peace, based on the UN Charter.  Also condemning the terrorist attacks by Hamas and demanding the release of all hostages, he stressed that Israel has the right to defend itself.  Calling for an immediate ceasefire, in line with the International Court of Justice ruling, he added that every civilian life counts.  Condemning indiscriminate attacks that hit civilian populations, he expressed support for the two-State solution.  Dragging Lebanon into this spiral is irresponsible, he said, adding: “I say this to the Government of Israel: trying to achieve security while neglecting peace is an illusion.”

Turning to the civil war in Sudan, he said this massive humanitarian catastrophe has seen 20,000 deaths to date, with 25 million people in emergency situations, including about 8 million displaced people.  External actors are involved in this war, including supplying weapons, he noted, adding that the entire Horn of Africa risks descending into chaos.  “The life of a child killed in a school bombing is precious — be it in Ukraine, Gaza or elsewhere,” he said, adding “our outrage is only sincere if it is universal”.  Stressing the need for a representative Security Council, he said it must free itself from the paralysis caused by the veto.  “The Security Council is increasingly stillborn, like a zombie,” he said, adding that Africa and Latin America must have permanent seats, and regional organizations must be more integrated into decision-making processes.

“Climate change and pandemics have opened our eyes to the necessity of solidarity,” he said, drawing attention to his idea for an international pandemic treaty and negotiations towards this.  It is also crucial to ensure that the digital revolution — and its flagship product, artificial intelligence — drive progress and not inequality and war, he said.  Healthy technological competition must take place within a commonly agreed framework of fair play and global dialogue.  Highlighting the importance of strategic partnerships, he said that the Union is seeking to rebalance its economic relations with China and diversify its supply chains.  “We ask China not to support Russia, either directly or indirectly, in its illegal war against Ukraine,” he said.

Also stressing the importance of global financial equity, he said: “When Kenyan farmers do not have access to microcredits at affordable rates to develop their farms and adapt to climate change, it is not a sectoral issue; it is a global development challenge.” The Bretton Woods system needs reform, he said, calling for more ambitious debt restructuring and special drawing rights (SDRs) reallocation.  Solidarity is not only about financial or technological transfers, he said, calling for improved governance to better the business environment, strengthen legal security, combat corruption and mobilize domestic resources in developing countries. “Everyone must look in the mirror,” he said, calling on States to work towards a multipolar world with a multilateral framework.

TIEMOKO MEYLIET KONE, Vice President of Côte D’Ivoire, said the general debate is taking place amid a worrisome global context as the world faces security, economic and political problems.  He called on Member States to “make a collective leap forward” as geopolitical tensions fuel conflicts around the world and rampant terrorism in many regions, such as the Sahel, aggravates insecurity.  “These conflicts are gradually wiping out years of progress and development,” he said, calling on the international community to “mobilize for the people of the Sahel, who are paying a heavy price in the war against terrorist groups.”  Côte d'Ivoire is hosting several thousand nationals fleeing violence by several armed groups in neighbouring Sahelian countries.  “This violence is threatening West Africa and could spread beyond the African continent if effective measures are not taken,” he said.  Côte d'Ivoire has made the expertise of the International Academy for the Fight Against Terrorism available to help other countries strengthen their counter-terrorism efforts.

The progress countries have made in the development and human security are now being undermined by the effects of climate change — accentuating inequalities, poverty — and leading to the forced displacement of millions of people every year.  “The relentless increase in the number of climate refugees is a tragedy of our time that challenges us all,” he said.  Côte d'Ivoire calls on the United Nations and its partners to increase and intensify their humanitarian assistance for these hard-hit populations. “But we must move further on the climate issue and wholeheartedly implement measures that will reverse the allow us to reverse the dangerous curve of global warming and its consequences on our societies,” he said. Côte d'Ivoire reiterates its call on developed countries to honour their pledges on climate finance, and support for the energy transition.  The Loss and Damage Fund must be rapidly filled to provide relief for the populations in climate distress, he stressed.

The world is also coping with enormous technological changes and AI holds great promise yet can also hold a range of threats due to the lack of international regulations governing its use.  “It falls to us that these developments do not lead to a digital downgrading of some and that it serves the progress and well-being of all,” he said.  He welcomed the Global Digital Compact, which should be used by all nations.  As no single country can deal with global issues, collective action should be firmly rooted in the unique multilateral framework of the United Nations.  “The world needs an effective and dynamic United Nations that represents the people and has the consensus of nations,” he said, adding:  “The United Nations inherited from the twentieth century must undergo reform.”  The Council particularly needs reform and must open up to Africa, in all categories, to reflect the new reality.

Reform will allow the Organization to make a real contribution to resolving conflict, based on respect for international law, he said, pointing out that the fight against global warming also depends on the Organization’s ability to mobilize Member Sates around this priority.  Global governance reform also must extend to multilateral financial institutions, so they can better support efforts to finance the SDGs in developing countries and address the debt issue.  “These institutions must be more inclusive in the way they operate and their decision-making,” he said.  “These deep-rooted transformations are inevitable and must be accelerated, so that the institutions are truly at the service of all our countries, in the service of our fight against poverty, and insuring development,” he said.  He recognized the Secretary-General’s courageous initiatives in the areas of preventive diplomacy, maintenance and peacebuilding.  “Together we have the tools to meet the challenges that disrupt the world, and to give our young people and women the ability to flourish and contribute, more than in the past, to the development of our countries,” he concluded.

DICK SCHOOF, Prime Minister of the Netherlands, addressed “anticipating an unknown future” and the need for “responsibility that goes beyond the scenarios we want to imagine” — beyond national borders, and above all, beyond short-term solutions.  This includes reforming a Security Council that must be divided better geographically, “with permanent African representation at the very least”.  He further noted that the manner in which war and conflict are waged is changing, with more countries developing offensive cyber programmes that pose a growing threat to critical infrastructure, security, earning capacity and intellectual property.  Further, the Declaration on Future Generations, co-facilitated by Jamaica and the Netherlands, represents “a shared desire to work towards a fair and secure life for everyone”.

Turning to climate change, he noted that from flooding to drought, the effects are impacting people around the world — including parts of the Netherlands, “and not least the small island developing States”.  All the problems caused by climate change amplify each other, and every country is directly affected, requiring cooperation — including committing to the climate targets of the Paris Agreement, and the measures to be agreed upon at the twenty-ninth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP29). The Netherlands, he noted, has a long history of managing water, and uses that experience around the world. For Sudan, where 25 million people are facing acute hunger, he recalled that earlier this year his Government made an extra €10 million available, bringing its contribution to the crisis response to €80 million.

In Europe, he stressed that the victims of the Russian Federation’s war are not limited to Ukraine alone.  Since the global food supply has been deployed as a weapon of war, millions of people have been pushed back into hunger and poverty.  The Charter of the United Nations is clear on this subject:  no State may use force against the territorial integrity of any other State. He called for challenging those countries who support Moscow’s defence industry or help it circumvent sanctions. “And it means calling Russia to account for its actions,” he said, pointing to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice — “two pillars of accountability, based in my own city, The Hague”.

On the subject of collective responsibility, he recalled that almost a year has passed since the terrorist organization Hamas committed its atrocities, and war broke out in Gaza.  The suffering since then has been extreme.  In the past few days there have been a large number of civilian casualties in Lebanon.  “A major regional war must be prevented at all costs,” he stated — “and so must any new attack on Israel”.  This begins with supporting international diplomatic initiatives, such as the proposal by the United States and France for a temporary ceasefire.  It is urgent to “break the endless cycle of violence and help them see ‘the other’ for who they are”, he stated, and the first steps are obvious:  an immediate ceasefire; the immediate and unconditional release of all remaining hostages; rapid, large-scale aid for the people of Gaza; and compliance with international law.  “I know that simply wanting something is not the same as making it happen,” he said, “but, as Nelson Mandela said, ‘It always seems impossible until it’s done’”.

NIKOL PASHINYAN, Prime Minister of Armenia, noting that his statement today will be “significantly different from the previous ones”, said: “Peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan not only is possible, but is within reach.”  Recalling that both countries signed an agreement relating to the delimitation of the border between them on 30 August, he emphasized that this is the first bilateral legal document signed between the parties. In it, both agreed to set the 1991 Alma-Ata Declaration “as the basic principle of border delimitation between the two countries”, he said.  “This means that Armenia and Azerbaijan de jure reconfirm the principle of recognizing each other’s territorial integrity and inviolability of borders that existed during the Soviet Union,” he pointed out, stressing:  “Now it is de jure reconfirmed that the two countries have no territorial claims on each other.”

Now, he said, both parties must take the next step and sign the agreement on establishing peace and inter-State relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan, of which “at least 80 per cent” has been agreed upon — as he and Azerbaijan’s President have “stated many times”.  To avoid a deadlock, he proposed “to take what has already been agreed in the draft agreement, sign it, have a peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan and then go on with negotiations on pending issues”.  Armenia is “ready to do this right now”, he underscored, as regardless of how comprehensive an agreement is, many important issues will need to be further addressed. Therefore, signing the peace agreement as it stands “will significantly facilitate the resolution of the non-agreed issues”, he stressed.  The existence of de jure peace between the two countries and the establishment of diplomatic relations — achieved through signing the agreement at hand — “will result in changing the overall atmosphere and the perception of our Governments and peoples, which will significantly facilitate the solution of the remaining issues”, he emphasized.

He said that Azerbaijan, however, insists that Armenia’s Constitution is an obstacle to the peace agreement due to its alleged inclusion of territorial claims against Azerbaijan.  “There is nothing of this kind in our Constitution,” he underscored; rather, it is Azerbaijan’s Constitution that contains such claims against Armenia.  He stressed, however, that his country does not consider the other’s Constitution as an obstacle to the peace accord, as that instrument provides that neither party may invoke “internal legislation” as justification for failure to perform. “Therefore, the signing of the agreement will address the concerns of both Armenia and Azerbaijan, and will create legal guarantees for addressing them fundamentally,” he concluded. Detailing the Constitutional procedure for ratifying international agreements, he noted that — if the proposed peace agreement is indeed ratified — then its provisions would supersede any contrary ones in domestic law.  He added: “The same logic would apply to Azerbaijan, of course.”

“As you can see, here is peace so close to us, and all we need to do is reach out and take it,” he said.  While it is not easy for either country — “because each of us has our own truth, and the debate over those truths has led to enmity, casualties and wars” — he urged a focus on peace, “because peace is the only truth understandable to the people of Armenia and Azerbaijan”.  That truth, he added, will “open our eyes and shut down the sources of enmity, and we will all look to the future”.  Detailing his Government’s “Crossroads of Peace” project — “also dedicated to that future” — he said this will open transport routes between the two countries, provide communications between Armenia, Azerbaijan, Türkiye and “the whole region”, create opportunities for the passage of pipelines and cables and “eventually provide opportunities for people-to-people contacts, which is a key and critical factor for peacemaking”.

MOHAMMED SHIA' AL SUDANI, Prime Minister of Iraq, said this year’s debate happens in a period when the global order is not easily able to achieve the goals for which it was created, with all rules of international law and international humanitarian law being violated. Important principles like sovereignty, territorial integrity, responsibility to protect and right to self-determination are all ignored while the Security Council is powerless in the face of enduring challenges.  “Ignoring these institutions threatens to revert the international community to chaos,” he warned, adding that putting an end to the violations in Palestine and the region is the responsibility of everyone, particularly the Security Council. In the Occupied Palestinian Territory today, he continued, there is public talk of mass starvation and the use of nuclear weapons to exterminate the population, who have been denied their rights amid a “shameful global paralysis”.  International law and Security Council resolutions are now “mere ink on paper” and are dangerous precedents that can result in dire consequences for all of humanity. 

He declared his country’s solidarity with Lebanon as it faces a new phase of brutal aggression that seeks to plunge the region into crisis, promising to provide support to enable it to withstand the attacks.  He further lamented the deliberate targeting of international and relief organizations, together with the harm of their personnel, including UNRWA staff.  These abuses not only disrupt humanitarian action but violate international law.  He called for urgent international cooperation to spread tolerance and combat hate speech, violence and rising Islamophobia, stressing that the UN should double down on efforts to promote understanding among people of diverse views. 

In Iraq today, he announced, a comprehensive plan for reconstruction and development is being witnessed.  With many challenges ahead, his Government has made great strides in security, with its victory over terrorism soon to be crowned.  Now, in the process of organizing elections in the country’s Kurdistan region, efforts are under way to strengthen Iraq’s democratic process.  He said his Government’s priority is to spread justice and preserve diversity, “which we consider as our most important assets”, adding that the Administration is also focused on enforcing the rule of law and diversifying sources of income, managing the energy transition and quelling political unrest.  All these are a tough call, he said, due to paucity of funds occasioned by an “excessive dependence of oil revenues”, misappropriation and corruption.

Nevertheless, he was optimistic that e‑governance and the digital transformation will help achieve good governance and stem the tide of corruption, also calling on the international community to assist in recovering stolen funds.  Iraq looks towards cooperation for regional security and plans to launch economic integration initiatives, particularly the Development Road project to link the Middle East to Europe.  This project, he said, represents the most important step for regional cooperation. On climate and environmental challenges that Iraq seriously experiences, especially in desertification, he called for international solidarity, particularly in raising awareness about water resources.

KYRIAKOS MITSOTAKIS, Prime Minister of Greece, noting that his country is an incoming member of the Security Council, said its tenure will be guided by three words “of Greek origin but universal meaning:  dialogue, diplomacy and democracy”.  Its six priorities will be the peaceful settlement of disputes; respect for international law; women, peace and security; climate, peace and security; children in armed conflict; and “of course, as a seafaring nation, maritime security.”  Stressing the importance of Council reform, he said “it is a relic of a world that no longer exists.”  Nearly one third of UN Member States have never sat on the Council, he pointed out, calling for its enlargement in both permanent and non-permanent categories. Noting that Greece will do its utmost to be a stabilizing actor, he said “that work begins in our immediate neighbourhood.”  His country is a gateway to Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, he said, noting that Greece sits less than 900 miles away from both Gaza and Ukraine.

Expressing concern about the ongoing violence in the Middle East, he called on all parties, including Iran, to back away from perpetuating the current destructive cycle.  People on both sides of the southern Lebanon border have a right to live peacefully, he said, supporting the proposal for an immediate 21-day ceasefire. Greece will always support Israel's legitimate right to defend itself, “but how it does so matters”, he stressed, reaffirming support for a two-State solution.  Since February 2022, the Russian Federation has brought violence, misery and destruction back to the European continent, he said, expressing solidarity with the Ukrainian people who are fighting for their freedom and independence. From the first hours of the Russian Federation's aggression, the European Union rose to the occasion, providing every possible support to Ukrainians.  “The war in that country is not simply another local European conflict,” he said.  It is a brutal challenge to the rules-based order that the UN stands for.

Turning to his country’s “at times, tense relationship with Türkiye”, he noted the signing of the Athens Declaration and reaffirmed willingness to work towards resolving the delimitation of the continental shelf and the Exclusive Economic Zone in the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean. However, he also noted that this year marks the fiftieth anniversary of Türkiye’s illegal invasion and occupation of over a third of the territory of Cyprus, and reaffirmed commitment to that country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.  A two-State solution cannot and will not be acceptable, he said, calling upon Türkiye and the Turkish Cypriot community to come to the negotiating table.  Turning to the western Balkans, he said the countries of the region must leave behind the traumatic legacy of the past and embrace their European future.  Calling on them to improve democratic governance, pursue difficult internal reforms and commit to good neighbourly relations, he cautioned that “there are disrupters who would like nothing more than to cause new divisions in this sensitive corner of Europe.”

“Like steam or electricity before it,” he said, artificial intelligence presents a huge opportunity to transform human life and drive solutions across science, climate change and medicine.  However, unchecked and in the hands of malign actors, it could become a weapon of control in an uncertain world order.  Noting that technology companies are transnational actors with more economic muscle than most countries at the United Nations, he pointed out that there is no framework to govern their actions or ensure accountability.  Highlighting the adverse effects of digital technology and algorithms on the mental health of children, he noted that “the brains of our children are being rewired at an almost unimaginable scale, yet we do nothing.”  Technology companies must come to the table and take tangible action to prioritize safety over profits.  If they don't, pragmatic solutions such as banning devices in schools — which his country implemented this year — should be complemented by harsher regulatory responses, he underscored.

KEIR STARMER, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which had a profound effect on him as a student, still inspires him as Prime Minister.  “Because it speaks about our inherent dignity and the very essence of what it is to be human … of equal and inalienable rights based on a foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,” he said. The international community must not lose hope of these ideals even as conflicts touch more countries around the world and 20 years of gains in tackling poverty, disease and ill health are stalled.  “War is one of the major reasons that progress has now stalled.  This is a catastrophe made by human hands,” he said, adding that the international community has turned the geopolitical dial away from the rule of law towards brute force and aggression.  This matters to everyone, including the British people, who want change, he said, adding that the United Kingdom is returning to responsible global leadership. 

The international community must turn away from the sense of fatalism that has taken hold.  “Our task is to say no.  We won’t accept this slide into greater and greater conflict, instability and injustice,” he said.  “This is the moment to recommit to the UN, to internationalism, to the rule of law.” The international community must use its diplomatic tools to address the increasing conflicts.  It must prevent a regional war in the Middle East and achieve a long-term political solution that delivers the long-promised Palestinian State alongside a safe and secure Israel.  It must achieve peace in Sudan and develop a proper response to the world’s worst humanitarian crisis.  It must also stand up for international law.  “That’s why we are so resolute in our support for Ukraine.  They are exercising their rights to self-defence, as provided for under the UN Charter,” he said.  The United Kingdom will stand with Ukraine for as long as necessary.

Turning to climate change, he said his Government has reset its approach to the existential threat of climate change.  This includes lifting the de facto ban on onshore wind in England, ending new oil and gas licenses and creating Great British Energy.  The United Kingdom will become the first major economy to transition to clean power by 2030, he said.  The country will meet its net zero target and will support others by being a leading contributor to international climate financing.  This includes supporting nature and forests, as they are vital for biodiversity and reducing emissions, and funding for climate adaptation. “Because those who did not cause this crisis should not be left to cope with the consequences,” he said.  The United Kingdom also remains committed to development and believes public finance should be used as a multiplier to unlock much greater levels of private investment.  It has created a new facility, British International Investment, to work with the city of London to develop funding.

The international system, including the Council, must be made more representative so it can respond to people in need and produce fairer outcomes.  “It has to change to become a more representative body … willing to act and not be paralyzed by politics,” he said.  He supported Africa’s permanent representation on the Council as well as Brazil, India, Japan and Germany as permanent members and more seats for elected members.  The United Kingdom will change from “the paternalism of the past towards partnership for the future”, he said.  It will join the Paris Pact for People and Planet, pursue a new Global Clean Power Alliance and stand for a new term on the Human Rights Council.  It also will work with other Member States to tackle the toughest challenges, including conflicts, climate change and poverty. “And reforming the international system so that it’s fit for the twenty-first century,” he said.  “We can change direction from the dangerous, destructive path we find ourselves on and turn instead towards the rule of law, towards cooperation, responsibility and progress.”

K P SHARMA OLI, Prime Minister of Nepal, stressed that “the world is at a watershed moment in history.”  However, the leaving-no-one-behind principle has long been the cornerstone of his country’s approach to development across all sectors. As a nation emerging from conflict, Nepal deeply understands the profound value of peace and political stability.  Immediately after the formation of his Government, Parliament passed a transitional justice bill and while it is being implemented, will uphold victims’ rights, and use reparations and reconciliation to heal the wounds and scars of conflict periods.  As it drives economic transformation for inclusive and equitable prosperity, Nepal will be graduating from its least developed country status by 2026; however, it is confronted with a substantial financial gap of about $24 billion to attain the 2030 Agenda.  He therefore strongly reiterated the call for enhanced, predictable, and sustained international support.

Climate change has emerged as the gravest threat to the planet, people, and prosperity, and “my own country, Nepal, is particularly hard hit” — ranked as the twentieth most disaster-prone country in the world.  He voiced utmost concern at “the alarming rate at which the pristine Himalayas, often referred to as the Third Pole, are losing their vast snow reserves.”  This loss threatens water availability for billions of people living downstream. Given their significance, it is essential that the mountain agenda should receive due attention in climate negotiations.  Nepal is steadfast in its commitment to the Paris Agreement and aims to achieve the net-zero target by 2045, five years earlier than the global target.  As climate change is a global challenge, he called for global action, with adequate climate financing including the Loss and Damage Fund, crucial to support climate-resilient measures and infrastructure for adaptation in developing countries.

Expressing dismay over a world increasingly distressed by division, suspicion, hatred, and enmity, he emphasized the primacy of dialogue and diplomacy, including in Ukraine and the Middle East.  “It is through love and compassion that hostility and hatred can be overcome, paving the way for lasting peace,” he said, affirming support for a two-State solution, where Israel and Palestine coexist peacefully and securely within internationally recognized borders. However, he also pointed to worsening humanitarian crises in regions such as Libya, Syria, Sudan, South Sudan, Yemen and elsewhere.  Emphasizing the principles of sovereign equality, non-interference as enshrined in the UN Charter, he therefore staunchly opposed any form of unilateral intervention or sanctions.

Nepal, he observed, conducts its foreign policy with profound belief in ‘Amity with All, Enmity with None’, standing as the largest contributor of troops and police to UN peace operations.  Echoing the call for substantial reform of the global financial system, as aptly described by Secretary-General António Guterres as “morally bankrupt”, he further insisted that the voices of least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States must be heard.  Prioritizing the protection of the rights of migrant workers including their safety, security, dignity, and wellbeing, he stated:  “Let me resonate the wisdom of our ancient text, the Maha Upanishad, from around the sixth century B.C., ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’, meaning:  ‘the whole world is one family’.”

WINSTON PETERS, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Racing of New Zealand, emphasized that, from the earliest debates surrounding the creation of the UN Charter in San Francisco, his country has fought against the veto rights given to the great Powers. He recalled then-Prime Minister Peter Fraser’s warning that the veto, if retained and exercised, could be destructive not only of the Organization’s main purposes, “but of the institution itself”. Power waxes and wanes, and so yesterday’s great Powers — today’s permanent Security Council members — are challenged by periods of competition.  This has serious implications for all States as, while some permanent members exercise restraint in the use of the veto, others consistently and frequently abuse it.  “Not only does Russia lack the sincerity and moral determination required to make the United Nations work, but its delinquency should be a clarion call for long-overdue Security Council reform,” he underscored.

Therefore calling for a Council “that looks more like today’s world” as well as veto reform, he stressed that “all States are equal” and that their “voices matter as much as the more powerful States represented here”. He added:  “It is the quality of our arguments and the principles of justice that inform them — not the size of our militaries — that should hold sway.” Small States need today’s superpowers to talk more, seek better understanding and develop ways of compromising. This — rather than partaking in a zero-sum game — only enhances global stability.  “And this is what we smaller nations seek,” he said.  Pointing out that the global geostrategic and security challenges faced in one era do not remain static, he observed:  “The world has changed, and so must we.”

“Old truths give way to new ones,” he said, underlining the need to now — as then — “have one’s eyes open about the fundamental shifts that are taking place and be nimble enough to adapt”.  He continued:  “And, since war and instability is everyone’s calamity, diplomacy is the business of us all.” From understanding comes opportunity, and from diplomacy comes compromise — the building block of better relations between nations.  He also underscored the need for political leadership to restore trust in institutions, forge unity and fill the gaps when the international community proves unable to do so.  Recalling that displayed by former United States President Jimmy Carter, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin — he said that the agreements reached then “reveal what is possible when leaders exhibit sincerity and moral determination”.  Contrasting that with the “catastrophic and ruinous path that has been followed in Gaza” today, he asked:  “Where is the sincerity and moral determination of today’s leaders at the vortex of this unacceptable violence?”

Noting that his country “has sacrificed many of its young men to wars in faraway lands”, he underscored that New Zealand never wants to experience the catastrophe of another world war.  “So we must do more, demand more and deliver more,” he stressed, rejecting and resisting those who seek to conquer and control.  Humanity’s lasting victories come from peace — not war — and, despite its frustration at the lack of political will required to adapt the Organization to fully meet the challenges of today, New Zealand’s support for the United Nations remains unwavering.  And so, true to its belief that “multilateral diplomacy means taking responsibility for our obligations as Member States”, he announced his country’s intention to campaign “as a voice for small States” for a seat at the Council’s 2039‑2040 term.

MBAE MOHAMED, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Comoros, said this session of the General Assembly debate takes place at a delicate time with the war in Ukraine imperilling the balance of the world.  He urged both countries to cooperate towards a ceasefire for peace, which is a prerequisite for peace in the entire world, particularly Africa.  The war in Palestine, he continued, is the “purest form of genocide” which Comoros entirely condemns.  Reaffirming solidarity to the Palestinians, he beseeched the international community to act towards an immediate cessation of hostilities and resumption of humanitarian supply, also working quickly to arrive at a two-State solution based on international law and relevant Security Council resolutions.  Further, he applauded the admission of Palestine as a full Member State of the UN.

On the situation in the West Bank, which, he said, the international community tends to forget, he echoed Cardinal Pizzaballa, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, in his words that what is happening there “is a palpable and concrete example of how hatred, resentment, contempt, have led to forms of violence that are more and more extreme and increasingly difficult to contain.”  Also highlighting the conflict in Sudan which “holds our full attention”, he called on both parties to exercise restraint and spare the population from the horrors of crises.  Turning to Western Sahara, he noted that the autonomy plan submitted in 2007 by Morocco for that territory within the Cherifian Kingdom constitutes the “surest means of achieving a lasting settlement of an anachronistic conflict”, the protraction of which would be undesirable for both the people and economic development of the region.

Comoros therefore calls on the international community and all stakeholders to embrace this plan, even as it is also open to dialogue as well as committed to the rule of law with France on its sovereignty over the Comorian Island of Mayotte.  He supported the adopted resolutions of the Summit of the Future and advocated for “real international collaboration”, for establishing legal guidelines guaranteeing the development and fair use of artificial intelligence.  He looked forward to next year’s Financing for Development conference which will enable States of the Global South to advocate for reforms of multilateral development banks and institutions to “obtain for our countries a forwarding framework of sustainable, accessible and predictable resources.”  Affected countries should therefore work together on formulation of their proposals.

DOMINIQUE HASLER, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Education, and Sport of Liechtenstein, recalling that she was just about to enter high school when her country became a member of the United Nations 34 years ago, said a key motivation was the wish to safeguard its sovereignty.  This theme resonates strongly among many small States today, she said, adding that the Organization has been a key foreign policy platform for her country.  “We have made a significant political investment,” she said, highlighting the veto initiative Liechtenstein put forward recently.  The aggression against Ukraine by the Russian Federation has not only destroyed the European security architecture; it has undermined the international legal order.  As a small State without armed forces, respect for international law is the guarantor of Liechtenstein’s sovereignty, she pointed out, adding that its unequivocal stance in support of Ukraine is a commitment not just to the international order “but ultimately to our own security”.

Two years of this brutal war of aggression has brought immeasurable human suffering, economic devastation and environmental damage, she said, many of these outcomes irreversible.  Stressing the importance of bringing about a just peace, she said that it must be based on international law and must ensure criminal accountability for those who initiated this war of aggression.  “This alone will give small States everywhere the confidence and belief that their sovereignty and territorial integrity will be protected and safeguarded here at the United Nations,” she said.  Expressing support for a strong Security Council, she said there is little indication that it will be able to come together in the way current challenges require.  Instead of criticizing and lamenting what is a political reality, the international community must think about alternatives.  This Assembly is the key platform in this respect, she said, noting that it has taken the lead on Ukraine and has adopted important decisions on the Gaza war.  Under the terms of the veto initiative, the Assembly has been given the option to act whenever the Council is paralyzed by the veto, she noted.

 “We have witnessed with horror that terrorist attack on the civilian population of Israel on 7 October, and we are shocked and appalled by the suffering of the civilian population of Gaza,” she said.  Reaffirming support for the two-State solution, she called for full respect for international humanitarian law and the immediate release of all hostages. Expressing support for the efforts of the International Criminal Court to investigate according to its mandate, she said there is no other conflict where the UN has a clearer and longer-lasting responsibility.  Calling on the international community to uphold international law, she said:  “It is us in this room that have the power and means necessary.”  It is encouraging that small States are standing up for the rule of law and against the rule of might, she added, noting that the International Court of Justice has been consulted for guidance in challenges ranging from the applicability of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide to climate change. 

The women of Afghanistan do not have a voice at all, she said, adding:  “I therefore want to speak up for them from this podium.”  The denial of even their most basic rights is unacceptable for this Organization, she said, adding that the UN must support action to fight this extreme case of gender persecution.  Women across the world have been speaking up as agents of change for many years, and experience has shown that entrusting more leadership positions to women will get better results for everyone.  Further, it is a credibility challenge for the United Nations that a woman has yet to lead this Organization, she said, adding:  “After decades of talking about gender equality, the United Nations should shine as an example of that.”

MARIA MALMER STENERGARD, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden, said:  “Sweden’s strong defence of international law, including the UN Charter, is based on the understanding that both our own security and that of other countries depends on it.”  Her country’s steadfast support for Ukraine’s efforts to restore its sovereignty and territorial integrity will continue for as long as it takes, she emphasized, noting that Sweden and Finland chose to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as a direct response to the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion. “For Sweden’s part, this represents a truly historic change, ending 200 years of military non-alignment,” she said, stressing that it is every State’s right to choose its own security policy path.  “Sweden’s NATO membership gives us a new, crucial platform to defend the fundamental values of our foreign and security policy,” she added.

Sweden has consistently supported countries struggling for liberty, independence and democracy, particularly in Africa, and will continue to be an engaged partner of African countries, she said. Concerned about the situation in Sudan where over 10 million people have been displaced, “which roughly corresponds to the entire population of my own country”, she called for safe, rapid and unhindered humanitarian access, an immediate ceasefire and negotiations ensuring a return to civilian rule.  Sweden remains a key partner and donor of UN humanitarian assistance, as well as of peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts, including in Yemen.  It is among the largest core donors to UN agencies and other organizations working to mitigate the immense suffering of Gaza’s civilian population.  She underscored Israel’s right to defend itself and demanded that the hostages be released.  A ceasefire would provide space for reaching a diplomatic settlement, she said, adding: “In the longer term, Sweden — like the EU and the United States — believes in the idea of a two-State solution...”

Also a generous donor of development assistance, Sweden is expediting implementation of the SDGs.  To that end, she called for strong national ownership in partner countries, broader cooperation among donor countries and a stepped-up fight against corruption.  Echoing the Secretary-General's concern about rising global opposition to gender equality, she underscored that countries that stand up for women’s and girls’ rights are not only champions of freedom and human rights, but also benefit from broad labour market participation and economic growth.  “Everyone must be able to live safely and freely...,” she emphasized, noting her Government’s work on an action plan for equal rights and opportunities for LGBTQI people.  On the environment, she said that “Sweden aims to become climate neutral by 2045, at the latest” and wants “to show that it’s possible to reduce emissions while maintaining economic growth”.

Turning to multilateral system reform, she stressed: “We need global governance structures that can withstand the challenges of our time and that are resilient against malevolent attempts to undermine the UN Charter.”  Adding new permanent and non-permanent seats in the Council, including for African countries, would better reflect current global political and economic realities.  She also voiced support for the ongoing reform processes in multilateral development banks to increase the effectiveness and scale of SDG financing and to implement the Paris Agreement.  Strengthened global governance in outer space is also essential, she added, with modern societies becoming increasingly dependent on space services and the space environment becoming congested and contested.  As such, her country will continue to promote the development of norms and rules for responsible behaviour in space. Proudly noting Sweden’s work with Zambia as co-facilitators of the Global Digital Compact, she said: “Through this framework, all Member States have committed to strengthen international cooperation to close digital divides between and within countries and to establish the governance required for a sustainable digital future, including on artificial intelligence.”

ALEXANDER SCHALLENBERG, Federal Minister for European and International Affairs of Austria, said that since last year, the world’s sense of being in a permanent state of emergency has only deepened. The Russian Federation’s relentless pursuit of its full-scale war of aggression against Ukraine is “a violation of the UN Charter, of the most basic rules that we have set ourselves, that continues to shock,” he said.  As a militarily neutral country, Austria does not see neutrality as indifference.  “We know very well that a world in which Russia succeeds in shifting borders with tanks and rockets is a world more dangerous to all of us,” he said.  The basic principles of international law enshrined in the Charter should be the bedrock of any negotiation leading to a just and lasting peace in Ukraine.  “And let me be very clear:  there cannot be any negotiations about Ukraine without Ukraine,” he added.

Turning to the Middle East, he said the barbaric terror attack of Hamas against Israel has brought a new dimension of devastation to a region not lacking in violence.  “International humanitarian law is non-negotiable.  It applies all the time, everywhere.  The protection of civilians is paramount,” he said, adding a ceasefire is needed to get the hostages out and more humanitarian aid in. “What we definitely don’t need is any side adding fuel to the fire,” he said.  “It is wishful thinking to believe that a full-scale escalation between Israel and Hizbullah could be controlled.”  The region has enough reasonable voices wanting to work towards a political solution that normalizes relations between Israel and the Arab world and finally realizes the two-State solution.  The crises in Sudan and Haiti, which are equally disastrous, are not in the public spotlight.

The world is undergoing a time of uncertainty as the pendulum swings from global integration to global fragmentation.  “Isolationism, protectionism and nationalism are growing,” he said, adding:  “A zero-sum mentality is spreading.”  Around the globe, there are forces at the fringes of the political spectrum capitalizing on people’s anxieties and doubts.  “Their business model is quick fixes and apparent easy answers.  Their agenda is sowing discord,” he said. Austria is no exception, noting the country’s upcoming Parliamentary elections this Sunday.  A strong centre is needed to counter these voices and ensure the new era of anxiety does not become an era of fear.  The international community must defend a rules-based international order, which is the best guarantee for mutual security, stability and prosperity.  “Countries like Austria are dependent on this system,” he said, referring to systems that respect international law.  “It is an illusion to believe anything can be gained by demolishing the rules-based international order,”  he stressed.

In the face of the upheaval of the past few years, societies based on freedom, pluralism and individual rights have proven themselves stronger, more flexible and resilient than expected.  “What we need most in this moment is trust and confidence. Trust in our own capacities,” he said. Austria stands ready to defend its own interests and find the middle ground.  Defending the multilateral system means reforming a system of global governance that is not inclusive enough.  The Council, for example, now reflects a world that is long gone.  “It is unacceptable that we are held hostage so easily by the will of a handful of countries,” he said, adding that Austria is committed to making the Council more effective, inclusive and accountable, including through its candidature for a non-permanent seat at elections in 2026. His country will continue to champion sensible and pragmatic multilateralism based on its genuine will for cooperation and for dialogue, he stressed.

ARNOLDO ANDRÉ TINOCO, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Worship of Costa Rica, said Latin countries are faced with the growing presence of drug trafficking and international organized crime as well as the triple planetary crisis of increasing poverty, inequality and widening gaps and asymmetries within countries and regions.  “Meanwhile, our collective responses remain timid, delayed and insufficient,” he said, adding that only multilateralism, as the central approach to cooperation, will allow the international community to confront and overcome these challenges.  “Democracy is the political system that embraces everyone,” he said.  Venezuela cannot be considered a democracy as it expelled 8 million of its citizens and provoked an unprecedented migration crisis that affects the entire Western Hemisphere.  In addition, thousands of people are crossing Costa Rica’s northern border daily to flee the dictatorship in Nicaragua.  He urged the international community to not be indifferent to the humanitarian crisis in Haiti.

 Criminal networks have found fertile ground for growth in Latin America and the Caribbean, whether due to corruption, lack of opportunities for youth or limited police capacity to counter them, impacting the security and well-being of local communities, with global repercussions, he said.  He urged a coordinated, multilateral approach that uses information-sharing and strong legal measures to combat the networks. “Only through joint efforts can the structure of these organizations be dismantled, and ultimately, peace and security restored in the region,” he said.  Peace lies at the heart of multilateralism and there is no peace without justice.  He urged all parties to the many conflicts around the world to assume their obligations under international law, particularly international humanitarian law. Actors must comply in good faith with all decisions from international courts and the Council “because without justice, there will be no lasting peace”.

Warning that the current global financial architecture is at “imminent risk of becoming obsolete”, he called for a new, transparent, inclusive and sustainable model.  Financing must be sufficient and concessional with effective debt relief mechanisms for developing countries.  He also advocated for urgent capitalization of multilateral development banks and greater use of new and innovative financing mechanisms, such as green and blue bonds and debt-for-ecosystem services swaps. Middle-income countries and economies-in-transition, like Costa Rica, require flexible development financing tools suitable to their specific needs.  He hoped the fourth International Conference on Financing for Development will generate concrete agreements through the necessary political will.

To ensure the well-being of future generations, “multilateralism must be blue”.  Costa Rica has developed a strong blue diplomacy that recognizes the crucial role of oceans in the planet’s health.  “To have a habitable planet, we need a healthy ocean,” he said, noting the ocean produces 50 per cent of the oxygen people breathe, is the world's largest source of protein, the greatest carbon sink and a climate regulator.  Its biodiversity supports the livelihoods of 3 billion people worldwide.  It is urgent that the new Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction enters into force, he said. The international community must also wrap up an ambitious plastics treaty and ensure no deep-sea mining begins until there are guarantees that it will not harm the marine environment.  He invited all delegates to participate in the third United Nations Ocean Conference, which Costa Rica and France will co-host in June 2025 in Nice.

ANNALENA BAERBOCK, Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs of Germany, said the world currently is an ecosystem of quick headlines and slogans that paint it black and white, creating an ‘us versus them’ divide. This division lies at the foundation of the “worst extremes that humankind has ever seen” — the world wars and the Holocaust.  The United Nations, she continued, provides a countermodel through its Charter, urging the international community to accept the humanity of everyone.  It also guarantees all countries the right to determine their own destiny, governed by an order void of divisive nationalism. Living up to these principles, however, demands hard work, empathy, solidarity and a search for common ground. “It also means that we have to face the dilemma that the values of the Charter can at times appear to contradict each other,” she said.

Recalling the 7 October 2023 Hamas’ attacks and persisting holding of over 100 hostages, including her countrymen — among them women and children  — she encouraged that the situation should not only be looked at from individual perspective and collective history, but through the universality of humanity “in order to overcome this vicious circle of hate”. Because the rights of Israelis and Palestinians do not cancel each other out, Germany remains committed to Israel’s security and right to self-defence.  At the same time, it is working tirelessly “to end the hell for the children of Gaza”, as lasting security for Israelis and Palestinians will only be possible with lasting security for one another.  Hence, Germany’s efforts for a hostage deal, represented by “the Biden plan which was endorsed by the Security Council”, she said, announcing her recent participation with other countries to call for an immediate 21‑day ceasefire along the Blue Line.

“Because the ability to learn from past mistakes makes societies stronger”, she noted, her country is addressing its colonial past more thoroughly, the restitution of artefacts being a crucial matter.  This is what is influencing its important reconciliation process with Namibia with the aim of uniting for a better future. On the Russian Federation’s aggression in Ukraine, she urged Member States to call upon President Vladimir Putin to cease attacks and approach the negotiation table “not only for our security, but also in your own interest”.  She announced Germany’s action towards a reform of the Security Council and the global financial architecture, lamenting that it is “totally unjust that at the two most important international financial institutions, there are only Europeans and Americans at the top”.  “We need our institutions to be accepted by all of us.  And for that, they need to represent all of us,” she stressed.  She further called for the emergence of the first female Secretary-General of the United Nations.

ABDALLAH BOUHABIB, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of Lebanon, stressing that his country is in a crisis that is threatening its very existence, said “this is a situation that requires international intervention on an urgent basis.”  Without such action, the crisis will “transform into a black hole that will engulf regional and international peace and security,” he said, welcoming the initiative launched by the United States and France that offers the possibility of long-term calm, restoration of stability along the border as well as the return of displaced persons.  “What we are currently experiencing in Lebanon is the consequence of the absence of a lasting and sustainable solution,” he pointed out, adding that the root cause is the occupation.  “To claim anything else would be a loss of time,” he said, underscoring that as long as the occupation persists, there will be instability and war.

Despite the inability of the United Nations to protect his country from the Israeli aggression so far, he said, Lebanon is committed to the Organization “as a front line of defence in the face of occupation, violence, devastation and oppression”.  “Today we desperately need the United Nations to play its role as a refuge for small countries that have been victimized by aggression.  These countries include my homeland,” he said, emphasizing that Lebanon has demonstrated its ability to be a reliable partner in consensus-building.  Recalling October 2022, when the maritime borders between Lebanon and Israel were delimited, he added that his country has also proposed an integrated framework to achieve lasting peace along its southern border.  Reiterating the call for a ceasefire on all fronts, he highlighted Council resolution 1701 (2006), which established a relative degree of stability in the south of Lebanon since the end of the 2006 war until 7 October 2023.  Calling on the international community to support his country in reinforcing its army, he reminded delegates that the text underscores that Lebanon’s Government should have full control of that part of the country.

Despite the economic crisis that has been plaguing Lebanon, he pointed out, his Government has deployed 100,000 additional soldiers to the south of the country.  This is a clear political message:  Lebanon fully intends to implement resolution 1701 (2006), he said, adding:  “Even at the worst times, we are not standing idly by; we are mobilizing our efforts at the highest level to protect our people.” The text emphasizes the internationally recognized borders of Lebanon.  Highlighting the role of United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), he said it has significantly contributed to stability and peace in the region.  Expressing concern about Israel’s systematic destruction of Lebanese border villages, he said it is setting fire to agricultural lands with white phosphorus, thereby rendering these lands unusable for many years.

Condemning the detestable, repugnant transformation of telecommunications devices into ticking time bombs claiming the lives of dozens, including children and women, he said thousands have been wounded, hundreds of whom are in critical condition, in addition to hundreds who were disfigured and maimed.  The Israeli occupying Power is attempting to extend the war, he said, adding that the return of displaced Israelis cannot be achieved by bombarding Lebanese people. The shortest path for their return is a comprehensive, immediate ceasefire.  “Has Israel not had enough of the endless wars since 1948 … Will Israel not embrace the path of peace?” he asked.  Council resolution 1701 (2006) is Lebanon’s primary line of defence, he said, stressing that it is not merely a document, it is a commitment on the part of the international community to safeguard regional peace and it is the best tool to break this cycle of violence.  Once again reiterating support for the United States-French initiative, he called on the United Nations to generate momentum towards ending this crisis.

ELMER SCHIALER SALCEDO, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Peru, said that his country — “just like the rest of the world” — has worked to mitigate the political instability and economic crisis caused by COVID‑19.  This has included efforts to recover the pace of economic growth, “boost projects stuck in their tracks” and attract investment to develop large infrastructure projects to create decent jobs, he said, adding:  “Today, I can say that we are seeing the first results of these efforts.” Yet, there is much ground to cover, and multilateralism is the best tool available, he said, to achieve “the conditions we require to achieve sustainable development”.  The first of these — “without a shadow of a doubt” — is peace, and he stressed that the current reality “is testament to the fact that we are failing” the Organization’s fundamental aspiration to save future generations from war.

Condemning all use of force in international relations, he also said that paralysis in the Security Council “when it comes to some conflicts” requires reform and revision of “the prerogatives of its permanent members – mainly the right of veto”.  Exercise of that right, he added, is sometimes motivated by politics, rather than the need to address humanitarian matters.  For its part, he said that Peru will continue to support disarmament, arms control and nuclear-non-proliferation initiatives, also appealing to nuclear-weapon States to “renew their bilateral commitments to reduce their respective arsenals”.  Additionally, Peru will continue contributing to UN peacekeeping operations — “as we have done since 1958” — and he noted that more than 250 members of Peru’s Armed Forces and national police are currently deployed in UN uniform.  Further, a 200-strong rapid-response force is available for immediately deployment “whenever the United Nations requires it”, he said.

He went on to state that the second condition required for development is a clean and healthy environment.  This is why Peru, alongside others, called on the International Court of Justice to rule on States’ international climate-change obligations. Welcoming the UN system’s support of Government actions to assist people affected by Cyclone Yaku in 2023, he reported that Peru has adopted a preventive approach for disaster-risk management in line with the Secretary-General’s “Early Warnings for All” initiative and the Sendai Framework.  Further, the Government is working to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Emphasizing, however, that “these domestic efforts are not enough”, he called for increased international cooperation according to the principle of “shared but differentiated” responsibility. Developed countries must reduce their emissions and honour climate-finance commitments, which include — “at a minimum” — $100 billion per year for developing countries as well as implementation of the loss-and-damage fund agreed at the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference.

Turning to the SDGs, he noted a more than 10 per cent increase in national resources allocated to their achievement and highlighted three priority areas in this regard — health, education and social protection.  Specific efforts include swift action to reduce the lethality of a recent dengue epidemic; efforts to ensure that young people can access the labour market; and programmes supporting the most vulnerable through soup kitchens, canteens and shelters.  The Government also works to guarantee the collective rights of Indigenous and Afro-Peruvian Peoples through the provision of services that recognize “that we are a multicultural, pluri-ethnic and multilingual country”, he said.  Noting again, however, that “domestic efforts alone are not enough”, he called on developed countries to keep their promises to provide assistance and financing.  He added that the international community must “revise the way we measure progress”, as GDP cannot measure inequality, well-being or environmental sustainability.