General Assembly Adopts Two Resolutions on Oceans, Highlighting Mounting Threats to Marine Resources, Need to Tackle Rising Sea Levels, Damage to Ecosystems
Member States today called for collective will to address cumulative pressures on oceans and their resources, which pose direct threats to people who depend on them, as the General Assembly adopted two draft resolutions in a joint debate on oceans and the law of the sea as well as sustainable fisheries.
Adopting resolution “Oceans and the law of the sea” (documentA/78/L.15) by a recorded vote of 140 in favour to 1 against (Türkiye), with 3 abstentions (Colombia, El Salvador, Syria), the Assembly reaffirmed the unified character of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the vital importance of preserving its integrity. The Assembly recognized the crucial role of international cooperation in combating, in accordance with international law, threats to maritime security, including piracy and terrorist acts against shipping, offshore installations, submarine cables and pipelines and other critical infrastructure.
By other terms of the text, the Assembly noted with concern the impacts of climate change on the ocean and cryosphere, including extreme sea level events and sea level rise, to which low-lying islands, in particular small island developing States, coasts and coastal communities, are especially exposed.
The 193-member Assembly adopted by consensus a resolution titled “Sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related instruments” (document A/78/L.13).
By terms of that text, the Assembly reaffirmed the importance it attaches to the conservation, management, and sustainable use of marine resources of the world’s oceans. Expressing concern regarding the impacts of global climate change and ocean acidification on coral reefs and other ecosystems, the Assembly urged States to intensify efforts to address the impacts of global climate change and ocean acidification on the sustainability of fish stocks. The Assembly also urged States to eliminate barriers to trade in fish which are not consistent with their rights and obligations under World Trade Organization agreements.
Dennis Francis (Trinidad and Tobago), President of the General Assembly, said that, if properly managed, the boundless expanse of oceans “is the lifeblood sustaining our collective existence”. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the so-called “Constitution of the Seas”, serves as the unwavering compass guiding efforts towards the sustainable use of oceans. The recent conclusion of the treaty under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea reflects shared commitment to safeguarding ecosystem resources that lie beyond immediate maritime borders as a “common heritage of mankind”, he added.
Singapore’s representative, introducing draft resolution “L.15” on oceans and the law of the sea, said it had over 400 preambular and operative paragraphs and over half of it had been updated and adjusted, making this year’s resolution shorter with improved readability.
Norway’s representative, introducing draft text “L.13” on sustainable fisheries, said it represents significant progress, reflecting the most recent advances for fisheries. He highlighted reference to the fact that the fifteenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity achieved its goal of delivering an agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction — the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement or BBNJ Agreement.
In the ensuing discussion, Member States expressed concern over the declining health of oceans. Many small island developing States underscored how their people depend on oceans as a source of nourishment, livelihoods, identity and economic prosperity. Speakers also noted that the effect of plastic pollution on the marine environment is a critical issue for small island States, as it impacts human health and ecosystems that are key livelihoods.
Oceans are essential for the health of the planet as they absorb 30 per cent of global CO2 emissions and produce over 70 per cent of the earth’s oxygen, Tonga’s delegate, speaking on behalf of the Pacific Islands Forum, said. Yet the ocean is the least funded of the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), she added.
Cuba, on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, credited the strength of developing countries for recent progress made on oceans. A new path is opened for the establishment of the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction regime. Efforts should be locked in with significant mobilization of resources to enable developing countries to build necessary capacities to ratify the instrument.
Samoa’s representative, on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States, welcomed the opening for signature in September 2023 of the agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction — the “BBNJ” Agreement. “The Agreement is a testament to what can be achieved through our commitment to multilateralism,” she emphasized, supporting the establishment of a preparatory process ahead of its entry into force.
The representative of the European Union, speaking in its capacity as observer, turning to the omnibus resolution, voiced strong disappointment about the lack of an agreement for stronger language on adoption of both the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Echoing concerns of many delegations, he noted that this year’s record high global ocean surface temperatures put additional pressures on the marine environment, which is already facing severe threats from human activities.
Before the Assembly were several reports, including a report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (document A/78/67); a report on the work of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its twenty-second meeting (document A/78/129); and two reports on work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects (documents A/78/77 and A/78/521).
In a related matter, the Assembly also had before it a letter dated 29 August 2023 from the President of the resumed Review Conference on the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks addressed to the President of the General Assembly (document A/78/113).
In other matters, the Assembly held an election for one vacancy on the Economic and Social Council from the Eastern European States for a term of office beginning on the date of election and expiring on 31 December 2025. Having failed to obtain the 116 votes required for two-thirds majority, the Assembly decided to hold another round of elections at a later date.
Opening Remarks
DENNIS FRANCIS (Trinidad and Tobago), President of the General Assembly, said that, if properly nurtured and managed, the boundless expanse of our oceans and seas “is the lifeblood sustaining our collective existence”. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the so-called “Constitution of the Seas”, serves as the unwavering compass guiding efforts towards sustainable and equitable use of the oceans. “In the delicate balance of the Convention on the Law of the Sea lies the nexus between sovereignty and the freedom of navigation, without which global value chains would be broken and international trade frozen,” he added. As sovereign countries, it is vital therefore to recognize the “pre-eminent contribution” made by the Convention to the strengthening of international peace and security, cooperation and development.
However, rising sea levels pose a real threat to the very existence of many nations — forcing the international community to grapple with profound questions related to sovereignty and statehood, he went on to say. “The Convention beckons us to a shared responsibility, urging a collective commitment to the adoption of effective resource management strategies,” he said. The recent conclusion of the treaty under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea — dedicated to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction — marks a pivotal step. It reflects shared commitment to safeguarding ecosystem resources that lie beyond our immediate maritime borders as “common heritage of mankind”. He urged all nations to demonstrate unity in addressing challenges that threaten oceans, and indeed all nations.
Introduction of Draft Resolutions
ANDREAS LØVOLD (Norway), introducing the draft resolution (document A/78/L.13) on sustainable fisheries, said it represents significant progress, reflecting the most recent advances for fisheries, including implications of the Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement for sustainable fisheries, outcomes of the fifteenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity and full implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. It recognizes the important role that sustainably managed fisheries will play in achieving the goals and targets of the Framework. He highlighted reference to the fact that the Intergovernmental Conference in 2023 achieved its goal of delivering an agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction — the BBNJ Agreement. “This Agreement constitutes the greatest development in ocean management since the adoption of UNCLOS [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea],” he said. It shows that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea can adapt to meet evolving challenges and demonstrates the continuing strength and promise of effective multilateralism. He urged all States to rapidly sign and ratify this new essential component of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The adoption of the BBNJ Agreement also represents a crucial step towards the goal of conserving at least 30 per cent of marine and coastal areas by 2030, as set out in the Framework. “The adoption of the Global Biodiversity Framework represents a landslide victory for nature in general, but also for ocean management in particular.” He expressed pleasure that States are strongly requested to increase efforts at all levels to achieve the Framework’s targets. He welcomed the reference to negotiations at the International Seabed Authority, which must be prioritized. All these different processes are important steps taken to ensure the effective protection of the marine environment, and the sustainable use of ocean resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction, he said.
BURHAN GAFOOR (Singapore), introducing the draft resolution (document A/78/L.15) on “Oceans and the law of the sea”, said it has over 400 preambular and operative paragraphs and over half of it has been updated and adjusted, so this year’s resolution is shorter and has been reorganized to improve its readability. He stressed that the resolution reaffirms the universal and unified character of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Also, on maritime safety and security, the crucial role of international cooperation is underscored, including with respect to submarine cables, pipelines and other critical infrastructure. In relation to the marine environment and marine resources, the resolution notes with concern impacts of climate change on the ocean, including extreme sea-level events and sea-level rise, he said, adding that adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is welcomed. The resolution recalls the crucial importance of the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects, and its possible inputs for ongoing ocean-related intergovernmental processes; welcomes the report on the work of the Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea; and invites States and international organizations to enhance their cooperation, including to better protect the marine environment.
Speaking in his national capacity and aligning himself with the Alliance of Small Island States, he said that the ocean remains under significant threat from human activities. “The threat that rising sea levels pose to small island developing States, including Singapore, cannot be underestimated,” he stressed, expressing readiness to contribute to the work of the third United Nations Ocean Conference in 2025, co-hosted by Costa Rica and France, which will be a major opportunity to advance actions to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources. He welcomed the attention given to capacity-building in developing countries with regards to climate change impacts on the ocean, including protection of coasts against sea-level rise and through ecosystem-based approaches and nature-based solutions.
Statements
GERARDO PEÑALVER PORTAL (Cuba), speaking on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, said that the strength of developing countries is the reason why the treaty “we have before us today is totally different from the version that was almost agreed to last August”. It was the unity of this Group that made possible the inclusion of a truly balanced model of benefit-sharing — from the utilization of marine genetic resources to digital sequencing information. Developing countries can also be credited with the inclusion of the principle of common heritage of humankind in the final agreement, which is a fundamental concept that should be rooted in every action on the high seas, including scientific research activity. Since the beginning of the Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction until the “very last hours of negotiation, developing countries had pulled out all the stops” to introduce this notion.
These cases are just some of the major achievements attributable to developing countries, he said. The areas of capacity-building, funding arrangements and many of the provisions in cross-cutting issues were shaped by the Group’s delegations. Now, a new path is opened for the establishment of the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction regime. “We are very pleased to realize that 84 Member States have signed the Agreement,” he added, calling on the international community to broadly support the ratification campaign and to ensure the treaty’s rapid entry into force. These efforts should be ensured by a significant mobilization of resources to enable developing countries to build the necessary capacities to ratify the instrument.
THOMAS RAMOPOULOS, representative of the European Union, speaking in its capacity as observer, said that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea reflects customary international law, which is binding on all States. Welcoming adoption of the third implementing agreement under the Convention on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, he called on all States to sign and ratify it as early as possible, as the agreement will help achieve ocean-related targets, including target 3 to protect 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030.
Expressing concern over the declining health of the oceans, he pointed to this year’s record high global ocean surface temperatures, putting additional pressures on the marine environment, which is already facing severe threats from human activities. In this regard, he called for addressing these threats with the greatest possible urgency ahead of the third United Nations Ocean Conference in 2025. Turning to the omnibus resolution, he voiced strong disappointment about the lack of an agreement on stronger language on the adoption of both the BBNJ Agreement and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. On the sustainable fisheries resolution, he said it could have better reflected many of this year’s important developments on fisheries and aquaculture.
DARLENE ATUAMUA HAKEIFALEHAAKILI VAEA (Tonga), speaking on behalf of the Pacific Islands Forum, underscored that oceanic people depend on the ocean as a source of nourishment, livelihoods, identity and economic prosperity. Oceans are essential for the health of the planet as they absorb 30 per cent of global CO2 emissions and produce over 70 per cent of the earth’s oxygen. Welcoming adoption of the oceans and law of the sea” resolution, she highlighted recognition by this resolution of the importance of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and traditional knowledge of Indigenous Peoples for ocean conservation and sustainable resource use. The last 12 months have seen landmark victories and progress for the ocean, she said, highlighting adoption of the agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction — a monumental achievement for the ocean and multilateralism.
Turning to the sustainable fisheries resolution, she welcomed its emphasis on international cooperation, including within regional fisheries management organizations, to enhance the climate resilience of fisheries and aquaculture amid climate change. She also noted recognition by the resolution of the valuable contribution and challenges faced by Indigenous Peoples and local communities in fisheries and aquaculture. The ocean is the least funded of the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), she said, urging Member States to finance it at a scale necessary for supporting ocean-based actions.
MATILDA BARTLEY (Samoa), speaking on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States, noted challenges posed by climate change, rising sea levels and limited resources. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea sets up the legal framework within which all activities in oceans and seas must be carried out and serves as a crucial instrument in promoting cooperation, conservation and equitable use, she stressed, calling for upholding and strengthening principles embedded in the Convention. She said the Alliance welcomes the opening for signature in September 2023 of the agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction — the “BBNJ” Agreement. “The Agreement is a testament to what can be achieved through our commitment to multilateralism and we strongly encourage its speedy entry into force,” she emphasized, supporting operationalization of the next steps, including the establishment of a preparatory process ahead of its entry into force.
The impact of plastic pollution on the marine environment is a critical issue for small island States, as it also impacts human health and the ecosystems that are key livelihoods for such States and coastal communities, she said. The Alliance continues to engage in the work of the intergovernmental negotiating committee to develop an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment. It also commits to continue this work in the committee’s efforts to finalize negotiations for a new treaty by the end of 2024, she stressed, calling for attention to the specific needs of small island States, including technology transfer, capacity building and appropriate financing support to building resilient and sustainable ocean-based economies.
JAMES MARTIN LARSEN (Australia), associating himself with the Pacific Islands Forum, said that his country has long been at the forefront of ocean protection with marine-protected areas covering 48 per cent of Australia’s waters. For this reason, Australia participated in the proceedings of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea seeking an advisory opinion on climate change. Furthermore, the rules and principles of general international law do not displace the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and cannot be relied upon in such a way. The Convention provides the foundation for a peaceful and predictable maritime order where all countries can cooperate, trade, and thrive. “We seek a peaceful Indo-Pacific region where international law is respected and upheld, and waterways are safe and open for trade,” he added. Any maritime dispute, including in the South China Sea, should be resolved peacefully and in accordance with international law.
KARL LAGATIE (Belgium), aligning himself with the statement of the European Union, said the successful adoption of the resolution would be a sign of the collective commitment to responsible ocean governance. He is concerned by a lack of ambition in addressing biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework within the resolution. The Framework’s important goal of ensuing that, by 2030, 30 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas and marine and coastal areas are effectively conserved and managed is pivotal. Adoption of the Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction marks an historic milestone in ocean governance, and he urged all States to sign it at the earliest possible date. These issues are crucial to the sustainable management of global marine ecosystems and he demanded a more resolute stance from the international community. He reiterated his hope for a more ambitious approach in future regarding the Intergovernmental Conference and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
PAULA NARVÁEZ OJEDA (Chile), aligning herself with the Group of 77 and China, said her country views the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea as the cornerstone of international law for marine affairs. “Chile has a foreign policy turned towards the ocean through more than 4,000 kilometres of coasts, the longest coastline in the world,” she stressed. She reiterated concern with regards to marine seabed funds and said that any exploration or exploitation activity should fully comply with the Convention. Urging States to act responsibly in the interests of future generations, she called on them to deal with plastic and other pollution of the oceans as a matter of urgency. “We hope that in 2024 we will progress decisively with regards to an international agreement to address this problem,” she said, noting the link between oceans and climate change.
CARLA MARIA RODRÍGUEZ MANCIA (Guatemala)emphasized the significance of the international legal framework, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, as a crucial guide for Member States in ocean-related activities. Expressing concern about rising sea levels leading to tensions, she urged the Security Council to play a proactive role in preventing conflicts and resolving disputes through peaceful means based on scientific evidence, emphasizing cooperation with the Economic and Social Council. Turning to the issue of maritime security, she highlighted the need to promote a policy to ensure freedom of navigation, protect maritime traffic, combat criminal activities and address marine accidents. She also called for international cooperation in adopting measures, including through the Convention, to address the impact on marine ecosystems within and beyond national jurisdictions.
TANIA VON USLAR-GLEICHEN (Germany), aligning herself with the European Union, regretted that one delegation blocked many important updates during this year’s informal consultations. Germany, as the host State to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, welcomes the text’s focus on the Tribunal’s contribution to peaceful disputes settlement. “The ocean is one of our most important allies in the fight against the climate crisis,” she said, expressing concern at the assertion of unlawful and expansive maritime claims in the South China Sea and elsewhere. “We reaffirm our support for Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders,” she said, adding that this extends to Ukraine’s territorial waters, including those around Crimea. Regarding effective protection of the marine environment, she said that available science is insufficient to approve deep seabed mining and warns that the international community should “not sleepwalk into an age of deep-sea mining”.
KAJAL BHAT (India) said that India’s comprehensive “Blue Economy” policy framework promotes smart, sustainable, inclusive growth and opportunities within the Indian Ocean region’s maritime economic activities. She welcomed the Agreement’s finalization under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction. The binding instrument is a positive step forward in the governance of marine and biological activities at the high seas beyond national jurisdiction. The Agreement demonstrates the continued relevance and flexibility of the Convention in addressing contemporary needs and challenges. Access to marine genetic resources, as proposed in the Agreement, would result in a “paradigm shift” in the production of needed innovative and affordable medicines. Also, collective action is urgently needed to address threats to the ocean and restore its health to realize the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
NASIR UDDIN (Bangladesh) said that oceans face an alarming level of threats in the contemporary world. As a low-lying coastal country, Bangladesh has undertaken several initiatives to preserve the health of oceans. For one, it updated its national legislation to bring it in harmony with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Moreover, at the international level, Bangladesh participates with the relevant bodies on advisory opinions. However, lack of financing and capacity-building continues to present challenges, he said, urging the international community to ensure that “no one is left behind”. He further expressed disappointment with the decision of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf not to form a sub-commission for Bangladesh to settle a maritime dispute with its neighbour.
Mr. KESSEL (Canada) said oceans are critical to addressing the unprecedented triple crisis of climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss. However, ocean warming, acidification and pollution are impacting marine ecosystems and pose existential threats to coastal communities around the world. Canada is committed to reaching the goals and targets established by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030, he said, noting that his country is working through its domestic treaty process related to the BBNJ Agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. Underscoring the need for scaling up investments to support climate action, tackle pollution and halt and reverse biodiversity loss, he stressed that at least 20 per cent of Canada’s $5.3 billion climate finance commitment will be allocated to projects that leverage nature-based solutions. On combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, he pointed to the establishment of the Shared Ocean Fund, which invests $84.3 million over five years to support ocean management and a healthy marine environment in the Indo-Pacific region.
AMR DANYAL SHAMUN (Maldives), associating himself with the Alliance of Small Island States, said that his country, although a small island State, holds custodianship of more than 90,000 square kilometres of the Indian Ocean. “Our identity, economic vitality, and property are deeply tied to the oceans,” he added. However, climate change has already caused irreversible losses to coastal and ocean ecosystems. For its part, the Maldives has designated 79 sites, including 14 per cent of its coral reefs, as Marine Protected Areas. “As a country heavily reliant on fisheries for income and food security, we remain committed to banning destructive fishing methods and promoting sustainable practices, as enshrined in the Fisheries Act of the Maldives.” Maldives has set a national target to fully phase out single-use plastics by 2030. He noted that there is no explicit provision in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea requiring States parties to update their baselines and outer limits of maritime zones in response to changes in coastlines as a result of sea-level rise.
ARIEL RODELAS PEÑARANDA (Philippines), associating himself with the G77 and China, said that sea-level rise and coastal erosion are serious threats for many coastal regions and islands, particularly in developing countries. At the advisory proceedings before the International Tribunal, the Philippines stated that, as an archipelagic State and one of the most vulnerable to climate change, it stands with all small island States and supports the initiative to request the Tribunal’s advisory opinion. While the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea was not designed to regulate climate change, its mandate is broad enough to consider the connection between climate and the oceans. The Philippines is gravely concerned with the actions of China that interfere with his country’s legitimate activities in and around the waters off Ayungin Shoal. China’s actions are contrary to its flag State obligations under the 1982 UN Convention.
FLORIAN JEAN PATRICE BOTTO (Monaco) said his country signed the BBNJ Agreement for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity beyond national jurisdictions on the first day it was opened for signature, 20 September, expressing hope that it will be universal and come into force as quickly as possible. He expressed regret that a neutral reference to the Global Biodiversity Framework’s 30 x 30 target, aimed at protecting 30 per cent of marine and coastal areas, could not be integrated into the resolution. An update to account for emissions of two additional greenhouse gases — methane and nitrous oxide — in addition to carbon dioxide would have been appropriate, he added. He also assured France and Costa Rica of full support for the high-level meeting in San Jose in 2024 and the Nice Conference in 2025, during which an event on finance and the blue economy will be hosted in Monaco.
ZAHRA ERSHADI (Iran) said the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea should not be considered an exclusive legal framework governing all activities related to oceans and seas. Any reference to the Convention should be made in conjunction with other relevant legal instruments and frameworks, rather than in isolation. Drawing attention to the destruction of economically important coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests, coral reefs and fisheries livelihoods in the Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman, she called on States to refrain from unilateral actions that can jeopardize their maritime environments, including construction of artificial islands, reclamation activities and deployment of military fleets. She further described unilateral coercive measures imposed against her country as “the most crucial barrier” to Iran’s ability to live up to its environmental obligations. She also called irrelevant any discussion on the relationship between artificial islands and change of maritime zones, while underscoring the importance of dialogue and mutual respect to upholding safety, security and global maritime law in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman.
DANG HOANG GIANG (Viet Nam), aligning with the statement made by Cuba on behalf of the G77 and China, said these resolutions re-emphasize the importance of the Convention as “the most comprehensive legal framework” for all ocean and sea activities. He called for urgent strengthening of the rule of law in the oceans and securing a healthier, more productive ocean, as well as for full compliance with the Convention, including the obligation to settle disputes peacefully and respect the rights of coastal States to peacefully conduct legitimate economic activities in their maritime areas. He urged efforts to ensure a balance between the goal of conservation and sustainable development of fisheries and the needs for social security and livelihood of the coastal population. Additionally, he called for further focus on the ocean science-policy interface, for innovation and transformative change. He is concerned about recent activities and serious incidents in the South China Sea that contravene the Convention and peace.
GENG SHUANG (China) said the BBNJ Agreement adopted by consensus this year is another milestone in the history of the development of sea law. In August, the Japanese Government, “in defiance of the strong opposition from the international community and in disregard of the rights to health, development and environment of its own people and those of the other countries, forcibly initiated the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water from Fukushima into the sea, which is deeply disturbing,” he said, adding that the Japanese side must fully consult with stakeholders, especially neighbouring countries, and establish an independent monitoring mechanism. “China advocates green fisheries and promotes the sustainable development of green global fisheries through its own practical actions,” he said, stressing that his country firmly combats illegal fishing.
Replying to representatives of several countries who mentioned the South China Sea issues, he said that China’s territorial sovereignty, maritime rights and interest in this sea have long been formed in the course of a long history. China supports navigation freedom; however, it strongly opposes any interference or infringement upon its interests and rights. As for the South China Sea arbitration case initiated by the Philippines, an arbitral tribunal has exceeded its jurisdiction and abused the law. China neither accepts nor participates in the arbitration, nor does it accept or recognize the so-called award. China and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries have been promoting consultations in recent years on the code of conduct in the South China Sea. China will work with ASEAN countries, including the Philippines, to strengthen dialogue and eliminate interference, he said.
RASHED JAMAL IBRAHIM IBRAHIM AZZAM (United Arab Emirates) highlighted the significance of this annual debate, particularly in light of the ongoing Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Dubai, focusing on climate change’s impact on oceans. Emphasizing the protection of maritime resources as a key priority for his country, he detailed efforts leading to the enactment of ecological laws, establishment of protected areas and implementation of strategies to safeguard marine life, including endangered species. These efforts also include newly launched initiatives, such as a dedicated research vessel to preserve maritime environments and enhance scientific research. The United Arab Emirates, with its diverse marine environment featuring over 40 fish species, has adhered to several conventions protecting endangered maritime species and their habitats, he said, pointing to the recent acceptance of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies.
BARBARA WOODWARD (United Kingdom) said the Convention is a major achievement of diplomacy and international lawmaking, and a critical part of the rules-based international system. Its provisions apply to 70 per cent of the globe’s surface and form an essential component of global governance. It has made a significant contribution to global peace, prosperity and security by providing consistency and certainty concerning ocean governance and the legal framework for all related activities. The BBNJ Agreement is historic for biodiversity and she supports its earliest entry into force. It will mean much greater protection for the two-thirds of the global ocean that lies beyond national jurisdiction and will support delivery of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Work towards upholding the Framework commitments is critical, including to achieve the target goal of effectively conserving and managing at least 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030.
HARI PRABOWO (Indonesia) said his country, the largest archipelagic State, will always support the Convention. “It is the constitution of the ocean which must be preserved as it maintains the balance of various interests,” he emphasized, adding that the needs and interests of small islands and archipelagic States must be at the heart of any global discourse on oceans. “We must continue to make progress in advancing the ocean-climate nexus issues,” he said, adding that oceans play an important role for climate action. “Indonesia is also in solidarity with our brothers and sisters from low-lying small island States to bring sea level rise issue as a priority agenda,” he stressed, applauding the adoption of the BBNJ Agreement and the continuation of the work of the International Seabed Authority. “We need to raise the bar on our approaches to effectively respond to challenges faced by our oceans,” he said, urging concrete actions.
ALICIA GUADALUPE BUENROSTRO MASSIEU (Mexico) urged States to intensify efforts to include new signatories to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and underscored the importance of protecting and preserving the marine environment, a commitment that must be upheld both in the international arena and domestically. “Mexico will continue actively participating in the negotiation process of a legally binding international instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment,” she said. She added that submarine mining activities should not begin until there is a robust legal framework, based on knowledge and guaranteeing the effective protection of the environment. She recognized the relevance of the consultative process underway in the International Tribunal of the Sea, as well as progress achieved in written and oral stages, for the clarification of the legal regime regarding climate change. She also stressed the importance of international law in the development of a single oceanic governance.
MICHEL TOMMO MONTHE (Cameroon) said that, to ensure the sustainability of oceans, concerted efforts on ocean-related responses must be taken. The contribution of new technologies to the preservation of the marine environment are numerous — for example, in climate change mitigation, monitoring, understanding and preventing water-related natural disasters like floods or tsunamis, and in safety and security at sea. Strengthening international cooperation on ocean issues will be a priority, as will the transfer of marine technologies and effective partnerships for States to fill the gap between those better equipped to face these challenges than others. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea needs to continue to lead to new instruments to codify concerns that come up to manage oceans. He called for a robust, comprehensive regime for exploitation, including rules for equitable benefits, to be developed and made operational.
JÖRUNDUR VALTÝSSON (Iceland) said that while the adoption of the BBNJ Agreement was a huge step, nothing has yet been conserved or protected. He noted the 60 ratifications needed for the Agreement’s entry into force. The sustainable use of the ocean is a cornerstone of Iceland’s prosperity, he said, stressing that the Agreement and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework are the building blocks. He urged the international community to secure ocean health. Drawing attention to ocean acidification, owing to fossil fuels use, he called for switching to renewable energy. With glaciers melting in the Arctic and elsewhere, he is concerned about sea-level rise, and warned that this process will “change the world as we know it”. Member States should cooperate with the International Law Commission on this topic, and also jointly address harmful fisheries subsidies — a key factor in the widespread depletion of the world’s fish stocks.
THOMAS ARMBRUSTER (United States) said that despite the mobilization and critical actions taken by the international community this year, including during the Our Ocean Conference, the ocean remains under threat from the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; plastic pollution; and biodiversity loss. Voicing concern about the impacts of climate change, he pointed to sea level rise and urged Member States to reduce emissions to keep the 1.5°C goal within reach. The United States has released its Ocean Climate Action Plan this year, which maps out priority actions to enhance resilience of ocean ecosystems. On the adoption of the new BBNJ agreement, he said it created “an unprecedented opportunity” to coordinate the conservation and sustainable use of high seas biodiversity across management regimes. “But we cannot afford to stop there,” he stressed, urging Member States to protect and restore coastal ecosystems, pointing in this regard to the launching of the Ocean Conservation Pledge. He also called on all States to resolve their territorial and maritime disputes peacefully, while reiterating deep concern with respect to expansive and unlawful maritime claims in the South China Sea.
NAGANO SHUNSUKE (Japan) said his country in recent years has observed developments going against the maritime order based on the rule of law. Japan advocates three principles of the rule of law at sea: States should make and clarify their claims based on international law; States should not use force or coercion to drive claims; States should seek to settle disputes by peaceful means. He called for the rapid implementation of the BBNJ Agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. He expressed concern about adverse effects of climate change on oceans and seas, particularly sea-level rises, which impact peace and security due to imminent threats and uncertainties that arise. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets out the legal framework for all ocean and sea activities, which must be maintained. This year, his country officially adopted the position that it is permissible to preserve existing baselines and maritime zones established in accordance with the Convention, notwithstanding the regression of coastlines caused by climate change.
He expressed deep regret that one delegation has chosen to make a groundless accusation against Japan. He said Japan has never discharged treated water at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station into the sea in a way that endangers human health and the marine environment.
DIARRA DIME LABILLE (France), aligning herself with the European Union, welcomed adoption of the BBNJ Agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, which fits perfectly into the context of growing consideration of the climate emergency. It will also help implementation of the objective to protect at least 30 per cent of seas and oceans by 2030, as stipulated in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. She expressed deep disappointment over wording in the omnibus resolution and regret that it was not possible to agree on stronger, action-oriented language. “France is particularly affected by sea level rise because of its presence in the Pacific, the Indian Ocean and Caribbean region, therefore France shares the legitimate concerns that overseas communities and small island States have, because for them this subject is actually crucial,” she stressed, urging States to implement pragmatic solutions.
JEEM LIPPWE (Federated States of Micronesia), aligning himself with the Group of 77 and China, Alliance of Small Island States and Pacific Islands Forum, pointed to growing international recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ relevance to multiple aspects of the ocean agenda. In this regard, he welcomed new relevant language in the “Oceans and the law of the sea” resolution as well as the resolution on sustainable fisheries. Micronesia is the first country to sign the BBNJ Agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, he said, highlighting the country’s commitment to protect 30 per cent of the world’s coastal and marine areas by 2030. Micronesia is also committed to responsibly managing fisheries, crucial for the well-being of its people and economies, in accordance with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and related instruments, he said. He stressed that climate change and ocean acidification are constant threats for his country.
MUHAMMAD USMAN IQBAL JADOON (Pakistan) said the declining state of marine health is not just an environmental concern but a socioeconomic one, impacting the livelihoods of billions of individuals worldwide. Enhanced data collection, made possible by new maritime technology, can significantly improve marine science and contribute to the objectives of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. However, the existing North-South digital divide challenges many developing States in strengthening the means of implementation and in developing partnerships for ocean sustainability. The same is true for inadequate availability and access to financing and investments for the development of sustainable ocean-based economies. Capacity-building initiatives, including the transfer of marine technology, therefore, are imperative to address such challenges. On the International Seabed Authority, Pakistan believes that a robust and comprehensive regime for exploitation, including rules on equitable benefit-sharing, should be developed before mining commences anywhere in the area.
MARÍA DEL CARMEN SQUEFF (Argentina) said that conservation and the sustainable use of marine biodiversity in zones beyond the limits of national jurisdiction is one of the most relevant topics currently in law of the sea. Argentina is therefore pleased with recent adoption of the BBNJ Agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The Agreement is an enormous achievement for multilateralism and efforts to tackle challenges of preserving the health of oceans for present and future generations, she stressed. She reiterated recognition for ongoing work of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, urging States to provide it with adequate resources and conditions of service. She also recognized the central work of the International Seabed Authority, as well as the importance of negotiations on the mining code, which will allow for the passage from exploration to exploitation of mineral resources.
MARGO REMINISSE DEIYE (Nauru), associating herself with the statements of Cuba on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and Tonga on behalf of the Pacific Islands Forum, said her country heavily depends on oceans for sustenance and livelihoods. She highlighted that, despite significant developments in ocean governance, Nauru still faces substantial challenges. She welcomed the International Seabed Authority’s progress on the draft regulations for the exploitation of mineral resources, and called for prioritizing the integrity of international maritime laws, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, to safeguard oceans and their users. She emphasized the crucial need for addressing climate change. Despite emitting little carbon, Nauru is committed to finding solutions via national adaptive measures, accessing critical metals on the deep seabed floor for clean energy technologies and joining working groups. She encouraged all nations to take decisive mitigation and adaptation actions, and for international support to build capacity to ratify and implement the provisions of the BBNJ Agreement.
MARITZA CHAN VALVERDE (Costa Rica) said her country is concerned by the deterioration of the seas and oceans and urged concerted action by States, the private and other sectors to address this. More efforts also are needed to implement specific programmes for the South. She welcomed the BBMJ Agreement adoption and noted that her country, together with France, is organizing the Third UN Ocean Conference in 2025 and holding meetings in Costa Rica in 2024. It is aiming to include topics crucial for the ocean agenda and to drive forward specific actions. On the mining of the deep sea, she seeks guarantees that no mining exploitation activities are started unless it is demonstrated they will not cause any damage to the marine environment. She urged adoption of a robust regulatory framework to safeguard the environment should there be any mining.
ALEXANDER S. PROSKURYAKOV (Russian Federation) said the authors of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea did not foresee the amount of work that the experts of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf would have to face in practice. He called for optimization measures, including within the framework of the Open-Ended Working Group on the Conditions of Service of the Members of the Commission. He also noted the increase in the number of cases being considered by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, adding that his country expects an advisory opinion on “climate obligations” of States. If resolutions become so expansive and unstructured that only delegates arriving in New York will read them once a year, they can hardly be called a success, he said, urging all delegations to concentrate on the specific subject.
FAHAD MOHAMMAD F M F ALAJMI (Kuwait) called for respect of the global concept and universal acceptance of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which has a comprehensive system of rules on ways to use the sea and its resources. He listed his country’s contributions to the Convention, which includes hosting the Permanent Headquarters of the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment since its establishment in 1979 and supporting scientific research to protect the marine environment by providing resources to research sectors like the Kuwait University and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Describing the Convention as the constitution of the oceans, he expressed concern that Palestine, a Treaty signatory, is being robbed of its rights to benefit from the body of water adjacent to the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian people are deprived of its wealth and benefits, owing to the siege by Israeli occupation forces. He urged global respect and application of the Convention to enable all signatories to benefit from it.
CRAIG BARRINGTON DOUGLAS (Jamaica), associating himself with the G77 and China, said that in addition to the unsustainable use of the ocean by some economic actors, sea-level rise, coastal erosion, marine biodiversity loss and other impacts of climate change affect economies that depend on it. The “BBNJ” Agreement will serve well to address the longstanding gaps in global governance with its focus specifically on the areas beyond national jurisdiction. As the world undertakes to enhance governance for the future of the oceans, technical assistance and capacity-building for developing countries must be a critical part of this work. All should be adequately equipped to contribute to this important global push, which is needed to address issues such as fisheries management, decarbonization in shipping, marine pollution, and use of the oceans for illegal activities.
JUDGE TOMAS HEIDAR, President of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, reported on the main organizational and judicial developments since the last such meeting of the General Assembly in December 2022. On the “Dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius/Maldives)”, he noted that the key issue dividing the parties was whether a maritime feature known as Blenheim Reef could be used as the location of base points. The Special Chamber found that Blenheim Reef, as a low-tide elevation, was not a site for appropriate base points for the construction of the provisional equidistance line. It further noted that Mauritius and the Maldives “are two of 22 States which have declared themselves archipelagic States in accordance with article 46 of the Convention” and that according to article 47, “appropriate points for archipelagic baselines can be placed on outermost islands and drying reefs”.
He noted that through its handling of the delimitation within 200 nautical miles, the Special Chamber has made several contributions to the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals, including a rare opportunity to elucidate various features of the legal regime of archipelagic States. This includes archipelagic baselines and drying reefs. It further found that its jurisdiction included the delimitation not only of the continental shelf within 200 nautical miles but also of any portion of the continental shelf beyond that limit. In sum, the Special Chamber has provided a well-reasoned and prudent blueprint that other international courts and tribunals may wish to follow, in appropriate circumstances, when dealing with the question of entitlement to the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles.
Taking up a second case, the dispute concerning the M/T “Heroic Idun” and her crew, he recalled that the Tribunal’s President held consultations with the parties — the Marshall Islands and Equatorial Guinea — in Hamburg on 18 April — to discuss the composition of the arbitral tribunal. The parties agreed to transfer the arbitral proceedings to a special chamber of the Tribunal, and by order of 27 April, a special chamber composed of five members was formed to deal with the dispute. Significant developments have taken place in another case currently pending before the Tribunal, namely, the “Request for an Advisory Opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law”. Written statements from 31 States parties and eight intergovernmental organizations were filed within the time limit fixed by the President. The Tribunal is now deliberating the case and will deliver its advisory opinion in due course.
Turning to the BBNJ Agreement, he affirmed that it again demonstrates that the Convention remains relevant in an era of changing circumstances. He recalled that the choice of forum provisions of the Convention also applies to the compulsory settlement of disputes under the new Agreement. Accordingly, the Tribunal remains one of the four compulsory procedures which parties may select for the adjudication of their disputes. He further pointed out that the Agreement greatly enhances the role of the Tribunal through its conferral of advisory jurisdiction. It is also apparent that the Conference of the Parties is an important institution entrusted with fleshing out and operationalizing a global legal regime for marine biodiversity. It stands to reason that such a formidable endeavour will bring with it significant legal queries.
MICHAEL W. LODGE, Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority, said several references to the Authority in draft resolution “L.15” are out-of-date and even redundant. He hoped updates would be a part of the Assembly’s efforts to streamline the resolution in the future. He commended the Assembly on the intergovernmental conference’s adoption of the new international instrument under the Convention and is encouraged that the Agreement’s provisions fully reflect the Authority’s specific mandate and competencies. He urged delegates to be aware that the agreements reached in 1994 are complex, nuanced and required difficult compromises by all. Yet the 1994 Agreement successfully avoided an extreme polarization of positions and let all States parties work together towards a common objective within the Convention’s framework. It is very concerning that polarized positions are emerging today, however, as some States parties take positions that appear to run contrary to the Convention and the 1994 Agreement.
“These developments should be of the greatest concern to all States parties and to this Assembly,” he said, adding that the Convention and its implementing agreements are the foundation for the global system of ocean governance. “They have ensured peace and security in the ocean for 40 years by respecting a delicate balance between the rights and interests of all. Together they are a package. Collectively, we cannot pick and choose which elements of the package should be privileged above others.” If one part of the compromise is undermined for political convenience, it cannot be expected that the rest will be respected. He noted the upcoming thirtieth anniversary of the entry into force of the Convention, the 1994 Agreement and the Authority’s establishment, and urged the international community to celebrate that today it knows more about the ocean than at any time in human history. Since 1994, the Authority has offered world-class training and capacity development opportunities to more than 1,000 individuals from developing States.
Action on Draft Resolutions
The Assembly first turned to a draft resolution titled “Sustainable fisheries (document A/78/L.13), including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related instruments”, adopting it without a vote.
Next, it took a recorded vote on a draft resolution titled “Oceans and the law of the sea” (document A/78/L.15), adopting it by a recorded vote 140 in favour to 1 against (Türkiye), with 3 abstentions (Colombia, El Salvador, Syria).
Explanations of Vote
The representative of El Salvador, speaking in explanation of vote on behalf of Colombia and her own country, expressed regret that it had not been possible for the delegations to have a more rationalized, short and effective text. “Despite not being States party to the Convention of the United Nations on the Law of the Sea, our delegations actively participate in all activities that have to do with ocean affairs and the law of the sea with the same concern for the conservation and sustainable use of the seas and the ocean like any other nation,” she said. Under the BBNJ agreement, the delegation of El Salvador had the honour to facilitate discussions on capacity-building and technology transfer while the Colombian delegation coordinated the negotiations on behalf of the Latin American Central Group. “Our delegations regret having been forced to take the decision to vote abstention on the text of the resolution at hand,” she said, explaining that the reason for the abstention was the fifth preambular paragraph, which refers to the alleged universal and unified character of the Convention. El Salvador and Colombia have not ratified it and, thus, do not share that reference.
The representative of Venezuela said that his country was not party to the Convention or the agreement on application of provisions, or the BBMJ Agreement. The reasons his country was prevented from being a party to these instruments continue to exist. These instruments, therefore, are not applicable to it. In 2014, Venezuela approved law 1408 establishing the principles and norms for responsible fishing and agricultural practices. Among them is the promotion of comprehensive development of fishing and agricultural and related activities and the protection of fishing settlements. The country also wishes to safeguard biodiversity and it is committed to sustainability. The Convention lacks a universal nature. Nor is it the only legal framework that governs ocean activity. His country ratified others, including the Geneva Conventions. He called for updating references to his country in 40-year-old documents asking it to ratify the Law of the Sea Convention. Closing, he said Venezuela supports the yearly resolutions.
The representative of Argentina, speaking in explanation of position, said his country supported draft resolution ”L.13” on sustainable fishing. However, its recommendations should not imply mandatory compliance with the Agreement on the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for States that have not expressly consented to be bound by it. He also emphasized that current international law does not allow regional fisheries management organizations and their Member States to adopt measures regarding vessels from non-member flag states unless explicit consent has been given. This interpretation is in line with the recently approved General Assembly resolution, he added.
The representative of Türkiye said that, while his delegation joined consensus on “L.13”, it wished to disassociate itself from references made in the resolution to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks. Turning to “L.15”, he said his country voted against the text. Due to the unchanged nature of the references in the resolution made to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Türkiye was obliged once again to call for a vote on this resolution. Türkiye is not a party to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has consistently expressed that it does not agree with the view that this Convention has a universal and unified character. Türkiye remains willing to continue working with Member States towards the aim of ensuring that this resolution is adopted without a vote in the future. Concerning the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, language cannot be referred to as agreed language and cannot set a precedent for other UN resolutions.
The representative of Syria said his country joined consensus on resolution “L.13”. However, as it is not a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Syria disassociated from any reference that this Convention is the only legal framework regulating activities in seas and oceans. As for “L.15”, Syria aligned with several non-party States that abstained from voting. “We abstained from voting for the same reasons listed by Venezuela and El Salvador,” he said, objecting to similar references to the Convention. “Had there been keenness to build consensus, all of these wordings would have been avoided,” he said, noting especially that these wordings are not acceptable to all.
Right of Reply
The representative of the Philippines, speaking in exercise of the right of reply, said the South China Sea arbitration award is an affirmation of the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea and its dispute settlement mechanisms. She added that the award definitively settled the status of historic rights and maritime entitlements in the South China Sea. It is now part of international law. The award has facilitated the plotting of new paths and trajectories reflecting the maritime history of her country’s people and the conviction that sovereignty and jurisdiction over maritime rights are indisputable, she said. The award will continue to illuminate the path for those striving for a rules-based international order.
The representative of China responded to statements made by the Philippines and other countries on the South China Sea issue. He asserted his country’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights in the region, grounded in historical claims and international law, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. He rejected the South China Sea arbitration as illegal and void, viewing it as a political provocation aimed at undermining China’s sovereignty. He emphasized that the South China Sea is safe and free for navigation, rejecting any accusations of interference. Responding to Japan’s statement, he expressed concerns about the impact of Fukushima’s nuclear-contaminated water discharge on the marine environment and called for responsible disposal to prevent harm to global marine ecosystems and human health.
The representative of Japan said that the Chinese delegation made a groundless statement. The water being discharged has been sufficiently purified. As for tritium, which is found in water discharged from nuclear facilities, the concentration level will be one seventh of the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard after dilution. This matter should not be subject to political discussions. “We cannot accept any baseless allegations that lack scientific evidence,” he said.