New Governance Model Reflecting Africa’s Power, Potential Crucial for Strengthening Multilateral Cooperation, Continent’s Leaders Stress as General Debate Continues

Acknowledging the complex global problems facing beleaguered multilateral institutions, African leaders called today for not just a permanent seat at the Security Council table, but for an elevated presence in international affairs that reflects the continent’s potential, power and resources.

“International cooperation cannot be strengthened without a new model that is more equitable and respectful to African States,” Faure Essozimna Gnassingbe, President of Togo, told world leaders gathered at the second day of the General Assembly’s annual general debate.  “We need to rebalance our efforts.  Africa deserves particular attention and more respect and dignity.” 

Stressing the urgent need for reform of an entity created decades ago in a vastly different world, many speakers laid down a compelling vision for Security Council reform that would strengthen Africa's representation and voice.  Zimbabwe’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, Frederick Makamure Shava, said Council reform is “not just a matter of fairness, it is essential for ensuring that the Council’s decisions are inclusive, credible and truly reflect the global community’s diversity”.  Zimbabwe supports the African Union’s call for at least two permanent seats — with veto power — for African countries.

Nangolo Mbumba, President of Namibia, whose country served as a co-facilitator of the Summit of the Future that preceded this week’s annual gathering, said multilateral institutions — including the Council — do not represent African needs and aspirations.  The Pact for the Future adopted at the Summit recognizes the urgency of profound global transformation.  “At the heart of our quest to rebuild trust in multilateralism is a legitimate demand to be recognized as equal partners […] in the fight against war, poverty, global injustice and inequality,” he said.

Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, President of Ghana, said it is “incomprehensible” that Africa — a continent of 1.4 billion people — has no permanent voice in shaping decisions that affect global peace and security.  “Yes, we are a continent rich in potential and resilient in the face of adversity, but we have also been disadvantaged by a global system that has generally treated us as an afterthought,” he stressed, adding that the people of Africa are not asking for handouts.  Rather, they are demanding opportunities in a new global architecture.

Stressing that all major continents need to be represented in the Council at all times, Alexander Stubb, President of Finland, laid down a three-point proposal for Council reform.  “It is unacceptable that there is no permanent representation from Latin America and Africa, while China alone represents Asia in the 15-member body,” he said, adding that the number of permanent members must be increased by five so that there are two from Asia, two from Africa and one from Latin America. 

African leaders also implored the international community to address terrorism — a main driver of instability across the continent.  While it is important to recognize the efforts made by States in the Sahel to combat terrorist groups — “whose origins and resources often remain unclear” — the international community’s lack of genuine, collective will to eradicate this scourge “risks bringing Africa as a whole into the grip of terrorist groups”, said Allah Maye Halina, Prime Minister of Chad. 

Felix Tshisekedi, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, said that illegal exploitation of natural resources in the eastern part of his country, which is closely linked to terrorism, is fuelling insecurity and financing armed groups, exacerbating conflicts throughout the Great Lakes region.  The UN, he stressed, must apply severe sanctions against those responsible.

The contemporary challenge of climate change also provoked leaders of many developing countries, particularly small island developing States.  Noting that she addresses the Assembly as her country’s first female and first Indigenous President, Sylvanie Burton, President of Dominica, joined her voice “with those who believe that no one” should be left behind in the “relentless pursuit of advancement”.  For Dominica, as for other small developing nations, climate change is not a distant or abstract issue.  “It is a daily reality,” she stressed, recalling the tropical storm that wiped out 96 per cent of her island country’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2015 and the 2017 hurricane that destroyed over 225 per cent of its GDP “in a matter of hours”. 

Wavel Ramkalawan, President of Seychelles, warned that “climate change remains the foremost challenge facing humanity and failure to address its effects will devastate current and future generations”.  While the world prioritizes military expenditure — reaching $2.5 trillion in 2023 — small island developing States suffer the consequences.  He called progressive the United States' proposal to include a rotating seat on the Council for these countries, and said: “As a small State, Seychelles believes in the United Nations, for we fear a reality with no alternative.”

José Maria Pereira Neves, President of Cabo Verde, said that the challenge of the rising sea levels “extends far beyond island and coastal populations:  It affects all continents and regions, leaving no one immune to this catastrophe in the making.”  As the African Union Champion for Natural and Cultural Heritage, he has advocated for protecting Africa’s natural and cultural heritage, which is highly vulnerable to climate change.  “The restitution of cultural assets […] is vital not only for Africa but for many other regions of the world,” he added.

José Raúl Mulino Quintero, President of Panama, said the immense problem of illegal migration through the Darien Gap should be at the core of discussions at the United Nations.  The country “pays an expensive environmental price for this illegal human flow, but its biodiversity is also severely damaged”, he said.

During the morning session, focusing on the issue of nuclear safety, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine, recalled that the storming of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant by the Russian Federation army was “one of the most horrifying moments of the war”.  Radiation, he said, will not respect State borders, and a nuclear disaster must be averted.  Spotlighting his Peace Formula — which offers “no veto right, no blocking authority” and ensures equality among nations — he appealed for a unified international response to ensure “a real and just peace” for Ukraine.

Echoing that sentiment, Petr Pavel, President of the Czech Republic, warned against the global consequences of Moscow’s disinterest in genuine peace, including potential nuclear escalation.  “Hesitation strengthens the aggressor,” he observed, stating:  “If you remain silent to injustice and aggression, soon there will be others waiting in line to see how far they can go in bending international rules as they please.”

Statements

KHURELSUKH UKHNAA, President of Mongolia, voiced concern that only 35 per cent of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been achieved.  While the Summit of the Future provided a forum for discussions on science, technology and governance transformation, the implementation of its outcomes is urgent. To sustain peace, combat climate change, reduce inequality and establish justice, the international community must innovate, he said.  Mongolia respects the pluralism and diverse histories, religions and development paths of all Member States, he underscored, adding that his country’s foreign policy prohibits acting against a State’s territorial integrity or stripping its political independence by force.

Meanwhile, deepening geopolitical tensions and the threat of nuclear war loom.  Reaffirming a commitment to supporting nuclear-weapon-free policies, he called on the Assembly “to collaborate in ensuring peace and stability, particularly in creating a world free from nuclear threats”. In that same vein of international peace and security, he hailed the role of UN peacekeepers, lamenting the 4,730 who have lost their lives in the line of duty.  Though home to a small population, Mongolia has contributed 20,000 peacekeepers over the past 20 years.  In line with the women, peace and security agenda, the country aims to increase women’s participation in peacekeeping operations, he said, citing the Mongolian-led “Pilot Project for Supporting Peacekeepers and their Families” and calling for its support.

Turning to new technologies, he hailed the adoption of the Global Digital Compact as an essential step. Mongolia aims to keep pace with a rapidly developing landscape, yet while countries around the world harness the power of technology to address the SDGs, global debt accumulation has reached unprecedented levels, hampering progress.  To that end, he voiced support for debt sustainability and reform of the international financial architecture in line with Our Common Agenda.  Next, sounding the alarm over a dangerous mix of “traditional military threats” and “non-traditional threats” including climate change, pandemics and cybercrime, which force migration and strain resources, he called for strengthened unity.  “Humanity will face not just a choice between development or stagnation, but rather a choice between existence and non-existence.”  Mongolia has wisdom to offer on the subject from its origins as a nomadic civilization, itself “a philosophy of green development, which emphasizes caring for and protecting nature while responsibly utilizing its benefits”, which informs its current development policy, he said.

Moreover, his country and Austria co-chaired the Third United Nations Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries, producing a draft programme of action to be adopted at the upcoming conference in Botswana, he said, urging other landlocked developing countries and transit countries to cooperate on its successful implementation.  Turning attention to gender equality, he noted that implemented policy reforms to enhance women’s participation in Mongolia have delivered a positive result following the parliamentary elections this year:  “25.4 per cent of all elected members were women, exceeding the average rate of 21.2 per cent in Asia.”  Further, Mongolia hosted the 2024 World Women’s Forum under the theme “Towards a Green Future” in Ulaanbaatar.  Finally, voicing support for Member States’ efforts to reform the Security Council, he reaffirmed the importance of the UN’s central role in global affairs, calling on the Assembly to pursue peace and the “well-being of humanity”.

WAVEL RAMKALAWAN, President of Seychelles, said the world is less secure than even a year ago.  “We must revert to our foundational principles of dialogue and cooperation,” he stressed, adding that the focus is diverted from the climate crisis, poverty and hunger, as well as from the indisputable right to a decent and dignified life.  “Widened and prolonged conflicts risk affecting smaller States like Seychelles, trying not to get caught in the crossfire,” he said, reminding the world Powers of their duty and urging that geopolitics must not supersede human rights and international law.  “Seychelles joins the call for the United Nations and the Security Council to deliver the reform being appealed for by so many,” he emphasized, calling for giving Africa a permanent seat on the organ.  The consideration by the Council of the sea-level rise issue brought by Malta, and the broader climate-security nexus, has proven that it is capable of reflecting new realities, he said, calling progressive the proposal by the United States to include a rotating seat for small island developing States.

“Climate change remains the foremost challenge facing humanity and failure to address its effects will devastate current and future generations,” he stressed, adding that rising sea levels, extreme weather events and the degradation of oceans are stark reminders of the urgent need for global action on climate change.  “But words are nothing without deeds and we have to act urgently, in unity, to make the necessary transition to a more sustainable future,” he went on to say, referring to the world military expenditure that has increased for the tenth consecutive year, reaching $2.5 trillion in 2023.  This makes even the highest estimates of $100 billion for the loss and damage fund seem modest and insignificant, he said, spotlighting this worrying reflection of the world’s priorities.

“It is unfair for SIDS [small island developing States] to suffer the consequences of these choices — we simply do not have the means to cope with the disastrous effects of climate change,” he emphasized.  “The average debt-to-GDP [gross domestic product] in SIDS exceeds 70 per cent — it is crippling and impedes our development by diverting critical resources away from where they are needed most:  in infrastructure, education and health care,” he stressed, urging to implement real reforms in the international financial system to address the preclusion of some vulnerable countries, regardless of income status, from opportunities to meet development needs.  “Our work in the multilateral system is undermined by unilateral coercive measures that are intended to leave economies crippled and Governments unable to advance dignity for their own people,” he said.

“As a small State, Seychelles believes in the United Nations, for we fear of a reality with no alternative,” he underscored.  Noting that the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS provides the blueprint for action over the next decade, he called on the international community to commit to its implementation.  The Pact for the Future should rightly usher in a new era of engagement based on mutual interest and mutual respect, he said, urging to bridge divisions between nations on critical issues of human rights, gender equality and the rule of law.  “For Seychelles, the Declaration on Future Generations should signal our commitment to safeguarding the rights of all people who will be born by the end of this century, most of whom in developing countries — people who should not be born into hardship,” he stressed.  Calling for envisioning a world where survival is not a struggle and that ensures everyone’s right to prosperity, he concluded:  “Let us strive to be the architects of a world where no one is left behind.”

PETR PAVEL, President of the Czech Republic, underscored that the UN must deliver on shared global commitments, calling for comprehensive reform of the Security Council to better reflect today’s realities and strengthen the voice of underrepresented regions.  In the face of the Russian Federation’s unjust and unprovoked war against Ukraine, Security Council membership is not “a carte blanche”, he stressed, adding that “no one has the right to abuse power and bully other members of the international community without sanctions”.  Accordingly, he stressed the need to exercise more pressure on that country to end its unjust and brutal war.  The Peace Summit in Switzerland confirmed that peace in Ukraine must be based on international law and principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity.

He warned that the cynical nature of Moscow’s policy and its disinterest in genuine peace talks have global consequences, including impairing nuclear safety, diminishing food and energy security and damaging the rules-based international order.  “Hesitation strengthens the aggressor,” he observed, stating:  “If you remain silent to injustice and aggression, soon there will be others waiting in line to see how far they can go in bending international rules as they please.”  And while some might perceive the conflict as a regional confrontation, there is no such thing as just a regional conflict, he cautioned, noting that conflicts in one part of the world cause food insecurity and create refugee wavers in others.

“With globalization, our security and prosperity start way beyond our borders,” he observed, reiterating his country’s commitment to security in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.  Prague will continue to engage with African countries and closely listen to their views and needs, he said, noting that despite political differences, “together, we can create mutually beneficial partnerships based on the principle of equality, mutual respect”.

Turning to cybersecurity, he said that with the world’s increasing reliance on advanced technology, the gravity of cyberthreats is increasing, and no borders are respected.  Cyberattacks against hospitals, media, infrastructure, national institutions and businesses aim to destabilize democratic systems and undermine their principles, he said, asserting:  “We cannot allow cyberspace to become a lawless criminal world.” Foreign interference and disinformation present a challenge, seriously impacting security and democracy, and emerging technology will have an undisputable influence on the nature of future conflicts, he said, concluding:  “The quality of our governance will be judged by our actions and whether we leave this world in a better condition for future generations.”

VOLODYMYR ZELENSKYY, President of Ukraine, recalling the beginning the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion against his country — “a day that has already passed” — described the storming of Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant by the Russian Federation army as “one of the most horrifying moments of the war”. Lamenting about the continued occupation of the plant by the Russian Federation forces, he warned of a nuclear incident risk.  “This is the major source of radiation danger in Europe, possibly in the world,” he stressed.  He underscored that nuclear safety is the top priority in his Peace Formula, welcoming the adoption by the Assembly of a resolution demanding Moscow to return control of the nuclear power plant to Ukraine.

Turning to the “the day that must never come”, he said the Russian Federation is trying “to break the spirit” of the Ukrainians by having destroyed all thermal power plants and a large part of the hydroelectric capacity.  “This is how [Russian Federation President Vladimir V.] Putin is preparing for winter — hoping to torment millions of Ukrainians,” he said, warning that, according to his intelligence, Moscow plans attacks on nuclear power plants and their infrastructure, aiming to disconnect the plants from the power grid.  Painting a grim picture of consequence of a possible nuclear disaster, he stressed that radiation will not respect State borders.  “A day like that must never come,” he emphasized, urging the international community to put pressure on the aggressor.

Reflecting on Ukraine’s ongoing war efforts, he emphasized that “no just peace is possible without Ukraine”, as the Ukrainian people bear the full brunt of the conflict.  Putting a spotlight on his Peace Formula — supported by nearly 100 nations — he said it offers “no veto right, no blocking authority” and ensures equality among nations — something that Moscow hates and cannot accept. He highlighted the failure of the Security Council in dealing with the war, noting that “too much depends on the veto power”, but expressed confidence in his Peace Formula, which prioritizes nuclear safety, energy security, food security, the return of prisoners of war and the protection of Ukraine’s territorial integrity.

Against that backdrop, he criticized “alternatives, half-hearted settlement plans” to the Peace Formula, adding that such attempts “not only ignore the interests and suffering of the Ukrainians”, but also give “Putin the political space to continue the war”.  “Any parallel or alternative attempts to seek peace are, in fact, efforts to achieve a lull instead of an end to the war,” he asserted. “Everyone must understand — you will not boost your power at Ukraine’s expense,” he stated, appealing for a unified international response to ensure “a real and just peace” for Ukraine.

NANA ADDO DANKWA AKUFO-ADDO, President of Ghana, said that Africa knows the cost of being left out.  “Yes, we are a continent rich in potential and resilient in the face of adversity, but we have also been disadvantaged by a global system that has generally treated us as an afterthought,” he added.  Africa has been “viewed merely as passive recipients of aid, rather than as equal partners in global progress”.  The well-meaning promises of assistance have failed to materialize to bring about long-term change.  Such aid often comes with strings attached, limiting the continent’s ability to shape its future.  The people of Africa are not asking for handouts — they are demanding opportunities in a new global architecture so they can have access to education, health care and jobs, to be able to build better lives.

Ghana has taken bold and decisive steps to ensure that no one is left behind in our national development.  Its Free Senior High School policy has benefitted 5.7 million young people, positioning the next generation of Ghanaians to take their place as leaders in the global economy.  Ghana has also embarked on the largest-ever health-care infrastructure project in the country’s history.  This initiative is constructing 111 hospitals across the country, ensuring that even the most remote regions have access to modern health-care facilities.  The Programme for Planting for Food and Jobs has improved food production, created jobs and enhanced income for millions of Ghanaians.  Through reforms in the judicial system, Ghana is also strengthening its democratic institutions and promoting transparency.

On the Russian Federation invasion of Ukraine, he said that millions of lives have been uprooted, thousands have lost their lives, and yet, the Security Council has struggled to respond decisively, just as it is struggling to make a decisive intervention in the tragic, ongoing war in Gaza.  The structure of the Council reflects a world that no longer exists.  Africa, Latin America and South Asia remain underrepresented, undermining the legitimacy of the Council’s decisions.  The use of the veto power by a few permanent members often paralyses its ability to act effectively during crises.  It is incomprehensible that Africa — a continent of 1.4 billion people — has no permanent voice in shaping decisions that affect global peace and security.  It is heartening that, finally, the demand for reform has found acceptance by leaders of two of the five permanent members — United States President Joseph R. Biden and France’s President Emmanuel Macron of France, he added.

“In Africa, we have often borne the brunt of conflicts, sending our troops to peacekeeping missions with limited support from the global community,” he further noted.  But, peacekeeping alone is not enough.  True peace comes from investing in education, health care and economic development.  African nations must take ownership of their security, and the African Union needs to strengthen itself to be able to respond swiftly to threats.  Ongoing developments in West Africa are deeply troubling.  Military coups in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso and Niger threaten the democratic progress we have worked so hard to achieve within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).  “These coups are stark reminders that democracy is, indeed, fragile and must be continually nurtured,” he added.  Ghana, however, remains resolute in its commitment to democracy.  Its 2024 elections will be proof of its enduring adherence to the rule of law, transparency and the principles of democratic accountability, he assured.

RUMEN RADEV, President of Bulgaria, said that his country approaches this General Assembly with renewed determination to promote multilateral and workable solutions achieved through negotiation, based on the Charter of the United Nations. Bulgaria’s commitment to multilateralism can be seen in its recent presidency on the Economic and Social Council and as a current member of the Human Rights Council.  Recalling the importance of the SDGs adopted 17 years ago, he underscored their stark importance today and warned that the “sheer deterioration of the international peace and security environment in the last years is threatening the fulfilment of our sustainable development agenda — undermining the rules-based international order”.

Noting it has been two years since the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, which Bulgaria condemned from the start, he said:  “Every single day of this war increases the risk of escalation in intensity and geographical scope, posing a substantial threat to global peace and security.” Further, the negative effects of the war on the economy and social systems are global, and the international community must facilitate de-escalation and dialogue.  Meanwhile the conflict between Israel and Hamas following the latter’s brutal attack is creating a larger crisis, with “tens of thousands of dead and injured civilians in Gaza” and the near-total destruction of infrastructure.  “We call for immediate ceasefire, free access of the humanitarian convoys as well as release of all hostages held by Hamas,” he said, voicing deep concern about recent developments in Lebanon, which risk regional escalation.  “The spiral of violence and the human suffering must come to an end,” he continued, noting that a sustainable and lasting peace is only possible through the two-State solution.  Evoking the possibility of a nuclear threat against the backdrop of increased global destabilization, he said that Bulgaria remains dedicated to the full implementation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty.

His country’s contribution to the SDGs include its National Development Program Bulgaria 2030, a raft of sustainable projects addressing education, healthcare and renewable energy. However, “worrying dynamics” in governance, democracy and human rights loom worldwide.  “Bulgaria has never looked the other way,” he said, citing the country’s domestic policies and its work with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women).  An advocate for a human rights-based approach to sustainable development, his country welcomes the upcoming 2025 World Social Summit.  Prioritizing regional stability is vital, he said, noting his country’s engagement with South-East European countries, he sounded the alarm over outbursts of hatred: “Fighting and curbing the aggressive nationalistic rhetoric all over the region and concentrating on a positive agenda of strengthening multi-ethnic societies and the rights of the constituent communities will prevent the evocation of the reminiscences of the troubled past of the region.”

While peace among nations deserves focus, it is “equally important to reconcile with nature”, he said, noting that climate change is a “threat multiplier”.  Bulgaria urges concentrated focus on the global stocktake and more ambitious climate objectives.  Finally, addressing UN reform, he voiced support for reforming the Security Council to enhance transparency and accountability.  For its part, Bulgaria has cosponsored the General Assembly resolution on veto use.  Moreover, he called for “an additional non-permanent seat for the Group of Eastern European States in a reformed [Security] Council”.

CHANDRIKAPERSAD SANTOKHI, President of Suriname, said the original purpose of the United Nations remains relevant to save current and future generations from the disastrous consequences of wars and armed conflicts.  “We, however, observe instead that the world is marked by a complex political and security crisis weakening our global multilateral framework of collective solidarity, international law and respect for humanitarian law,” he stressed, adding that conflicts are symptoms of deeper systemic challenges, rising inequality, environmental degradation and the breakdown of global trust.  “While projections estimate that almost 600 million people will continue to live in extreme poverty in 2030, it is incumbent on us to close the gap between aspiration and financing,” he said, emphasizing the urgent need for accelerated reforms and coordination within the international financial architecture.

“The multidimensional vulnerability index offers a comprehensive and inclusive framework that goes beyond traditional metrics to capture the true complexity of the vulnerabilities of small island developing and low-lying coastal States,” he said, urging to embed the index in the international financial institutions, especially the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.  Noting other financial obstacles like de-risking measures of international banks which are based on general assessments and do not consider the countries’ reality, he urged to reform the global financial and political system and to build greater trust in the multilateral system.  “Because of our ranking, we were not eligible for several global financial instruments to the detriment of my people,” he stressed, adding that his Government has successfully started a policy of financial and economic reforms, having established a social safety net and increases several social benefits.

Recalling that Suriname is committed to the Paris Agreement on climate change and has recently started the process of carbon credit trading, he stressed that his country aims to remain carbon negative with a high level of biodiversity and more than 90 per cent forest coverage.  “With this conscious choice to limit deforestation we sacrifice economic development for our people — for this we are not compensated while everyone benefits from our decision,” he observed, adding that carbon-negative and carbon-neutral countries must be supported for maintaining that status. “Suriname is among the three carbon-negative countries in the world — at the same time, Suriname is among the seven most vulnerable countries with respect to the effects of rising sea levels,” he underscored, expressing regret that a large part of the help is spent on funding time consuming and expensive studies, consultancies and advisory services, while the situation on the ground in the affected regions and countries is deteriorating and the requested assistance often comes too late.

Expressing concern over the humanitarian and security situation in Haiti, he noted that, through leadership of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), a road map towards free and fair elections has been initiated and a transition government with a clear mandate has been installed.  “We cannot leave Haiti and its people alone and behind — Haiti fatigue is not an option,” he said, urging to financially and technically support Haiti.  “Leaving no one behind should also include lifting the long-standing economic embargo against Cuba and its people,” he continued, spotlighting that the theme “Leave no one behind” is a call to action, but is also a challenge.  “For smaller countries like Suriname, the global system often continues exclusion sometimes in new version and style,” he noted, calling for the spirit of “one for all and all for one”.

NIKOS CHRISTODOULIDES, President of Cyprus, recalled that only a few weeks after last year’s General Assembly debate, on 7 October 2023, the world was shocked by the unimaginable, horrendous brutality of the terrorist attack against innocent civilians in the Middle East.  In the immediate aftermath of the attack, and as the humanitarian situation in Gaza deteriorated, his country acted on its moral responsibility to help the innocent civilians of Gaza.  “As the European Union’s lighthouse in the Eastern Mediterranean, we delivered the Amalthea maritime corridor to the international community:  a lifeline of hope and humanity,” he said.  The humanitarian corridor manifests the spirit of the Charter of the United Nations and demonstrates the power of diplomacy.

“The Palestinian children”, he continued, “who have been orphaned, forced to live in tents, with no access to the most basic items of existence — food, shelter, education, safety — are also our children”.  The situation in Gaza is “a desperate cry for us to act decisively”, he said, underling the need for the respect of international humanitarian law, the protection of civilians and the rapid, safe and unhindered flow of humanitarian aid into Gaza.  He also urged for the immediate and unconditional release of all hostages.  Stressing that further escalation and destabilization in the region must be avoided, he sounded the alarm over recent developments in Lebanon.  “A step back must be taken from the brink,” he asserted.

He underscored that the Eastern Mediterranean and the wider Middle East can move decisively beyond the prevailing narrative of being a region in turmoil and become a hub of stability, peace and cooperation. “There are no shortcuts, no alternatives or substitutes to a lasting peace,” he stated, adding that “the vacuum created in the absence of a viable peace becomes a breeding ground for crisis and conflict”.

Noting that Cyprus mourns 50 years since the Turkish invasion and continuing occupation of approximately 37 per cent of its territory, he said that the voice of morality cannot have “selective historical amnesia” or “selective sensitivity to violations of international law”. Similarly, the aggressor — the violator of international law — cannot be the advocate of legality nor point the finger at others.  In this context, he urged Türkiye’s President, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan:  “Now is the time to deliver on your proclaimed commitment to international law and peace.  No country that believes in the moral superiority of its position refuses to sit on the negotiating table.”

PETER PELLEGRINI, President of Slovakia, said that, despite all its faults, the UN is the “the backbone” of the world order and “a vital international ecosystem” for most countries in the world.  The only thing that separates the world from “chaos and arbitrariness” is the joint confidence in the existing system of international relations with the UN as its key element, he said, noting that some countries believe that “the absence of rules will be the breeding ground for their future success”.

Turning to the war in Ukraine — which destroys the lives of the Ukrainian people and is not good to the Russian Federation’s people — he said it was “high time to start looking for a peaceful, sustainable and just end to this conflict”.  The conflicts in Gaza, Haiti and Sudan, although they may seem local, in fact represent an “existential struggle for the nature and future of international law”, he said, noting that the UN cannot fully prevent these conflicts.  This is due to the “lack of joint political will” in the Security Council, rather than an “alleged dysfunction of the Organization”. “It is a fact that the UN was born with powerful and exclusive checks without effective balances,” he stressed, underscoring the need for a deep reform of the Organization.

Although the role of the UN remains central, he emphasized the need for the Organization to build partnerships with regional organizations like the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union “to withstand the challenges” of the current century.  Instead of dividing the world into “Global North” and “Global South”, he proposed to differentiate between those who support and undermine shared rules and obligations.  Also, those who take apart rules, often distort meanings of the words, he said, adding:  “A lie is just a lie, not a fact of on alternate reality.  Aggression is no defence. […] War remains war, no matter what euphemism they call it.”  Therefore, he urged the UN to promote information integrity, noting that words and those who speak them, remain “the most powerful weapons”.

The global debate on climate change is a good example of handling misinformation, he noted, urging the international community to mitigate the consequences of hurricanes, floods and extinguishing fires along with protecting freedom, human rights and dignity. Outlining steps forward, he said the UN and its agencies can develop practical policies, coordinate national development and assistance programmes into regional synergies.  Moreover, the UN should integrate technological progress into driving social progress and gender equality.  He went on to call for pragmatic dialogue on migration, acknowledging its divisive nature but stressing the need for clear rules and cooperation.  As Slovakia is preparing its candidacy for a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council in 2028-2029, he highlighted the country’s long-standing commitment to multilateralism, which he described as “the most precious generational wealth that we can relay to our posterity”.

NANGOLO MBUMBA, President of Namibia, said his country is proud to have served alongside Germany as co-facilitator of the Summit of the Future. Namibia’s interest in the Pact for the Future is grounded in the understanding that multilateral institutions, including the Security Council, do not represent African needs and aspirations. At the core of the Pact is this recognition and the urgency for profound global transformation.  “At the heart of our quest to rebuild trust in multilateralism is a legitimate demand to be recognized as equal partners,” he added. Partners who can be trusted; partners in the fight against war, poverty, global injustice and inequality.

Namibia is particularly concerned about the impact of climate change, he said.  Changes in ocean temperatures have affected its fish stocks with potential long-term consequences for livelihoods, ecosystems and tourism.  Namibia and the rest of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region are going through the El Niño phenomenon which has adversely impacted food security.  In this regard, Namibia had to declare a state of emergency to address the severe effects of drought.  Turning to gender equality, he said Namibia remains among the top nine countries globally that have closed at least 80 per cent of the gender gap. “In the past 12 months, we have achieved perfect parity in the National Assembly, where 50 per cent of representatives are women,” he said.

Namibia is also establishing green industrialization ecosystems, for decarbonizing industries that find it difficult to lower their greenhouse emissions, he went on to say.  Investment in these key sectors is critical and Namibia is urging developed nations to scale up support for developing countries to facilitate gradual energy transitions.  He urged the Assembly to support the modalities to actualize the advisory opinion rendered by the International Court of Justice regarding the ongoing conflict in Gaza.  “As a country that has endured genocide, Namibia believes that Israel, by intent and by action, is committing genocide,” he went on to say.

Namibia also called for the end of the economic, financial and commercial blockade against Cuba, he said, stressing the need for the immediate and unconditional lifting of illegal sanctions against Zimbabwe.  A further affront to the Charter of the United Nations, its purposes and principles is the continued disenfranchisement of the people of Western Sahara, who are denied their right to self-determination.  “The United Nations system can be strengthened if we hold hands and work together as bridge builders,” he added.

MOHAMED YOUNIS A MENFI, President of the Presidential Council of Libya, said his country has suffered for more than a decade from transitions and unjustified wars, fuelled by interference aimed at weakening the State to control its natural resources and political and economic decisions.  A strong stance is required to regain control.  Though challenges are complex, the country prioritizes consensual solutions and dialogue to resolve them nationally.  “Some political parties”, however, have systematically obstructed the process, leading to deep institutional and political divisions. As parallel bodies were created, the freezing or outright cancellation of the country’s commitments to accords and Security Council resolutions fizzled.  Recent attempts to tamper with the judiciary make it clear that Libya must shoulder its responsibilities to provide security to its citizens.

A comprehensive political solution that includes financial, economic and security concerns in line with the national reconciliation track is the only way to render the country stable so that it may hold elections and for the people to enjoy self-determination.  “We firmly believe that the Libyan people have the right to decide their destiny” he said, which will be achieved when the country regains the control that “some parties are trying to prevent”. Moreover, the national reconciliation project sponsored by the Presidential Council has been delayed due to recent developments and obstruction.  Trust must be built, he underlined, and in that vein, he welcomed efforts from the African Union and called for national dialogue for reconciliation.  All stakeholders must participate constructively to reach a peaceful settlement based on a Libyan solution, free from foreign interference.  Recalling the huge human and structural losses of the city of Derna in the wake of Hurricane Daniel, he said that the people’s efforts in recovery taught them that they can solve problems without foreign interference or support.

On the situation in the Middle East, he said “the genocide and ethnic cleansing committed by the Israeli occupation against the Palestinian and Lebanese people represents a heinous violation of international law”.  Impunity will not be accepted.  To that end, Libya joined South Africa’s case at the International Court of Justice, requiring Israel to follow international laws.  Accountability for this “mass genocide” of the Palestinian people must be ensured, he said.  Moreover, as the spectre of a regional war hovers, Libya stresses the importance of an independent Palestinian State with Jerusalem as its capital in line with the right to self-determination.

Turning to migration and its potential for terrorism, he noted that Libya is a transit country, calling for concerted efforts to solve the problem in line with the protection of migrant’s rights.  Though affected by the scourge of terrorism, Libya succeeded in defeating Da’esh thanks to the sacrifice of its people, the military and the help of the international community.  “Combating terrorism is not a mere military confrontation.  It is a multifaceted phenomenon that requires greater local and international efforts and a comprehensive approach that addresses its different dimensions,” he said, noting that, despite the UN’s efforts, the need for national mechanisms combating the scourge is clear. Addressing the Assembly, he declared that “it is high time to close ranks and build bridges of unity.  Let’s make our solidarity the cornerstone of our homeland,” as unity is the path to stability.  Hailing the resilience of the Libyan people, he noted that the country will not forget those who stood by them in times of hardship and will continue working to build a future worthy of the aspirations of its people.

LUIS RODOLFO ABINADER CORONA, President of the Dominican Republic, said the Summit of the Future stressed the need to bolster international financing to achieve the SDGs, adding that his country has made considerable headway in poverty reduction, food security, energy sustainability, public safety and climate action.  “Monetary poverty shrank from 25.8 per cent in 2019 to 23 per cent in 2023, despite the pandemic and the effects of war, and in the first half of this year, it fell to 18.9 per cent, which is the lowest level in our history,” he underscored, spotlighting the construction of 2,000 new megawatts of thermal generation and the signed contracts for 1,600 megawatts of renewable energy that will lead, by the end of 2027, to a generation surplus of over 15 per cent.  “In 2022, the murder rate in our country stood at 13.2 for every 100,000 inhabitants; in 2023, it fell to 11.5, and so far in 2024, it stands at 9.9 — this figure is below the average for Latin America and the Caribbean, which according to the United Nations data is 17.2,” he noted.

Turning to a widespread consensus on the urgent need for a new model of global governance, he said his country is committed to an effective and renewed multilateralism.  “Without concerted principles-based action, the foundations of the international community will continue to erode,” he stressed, adding that democracies rarely go into war against others.  “We stand at a crucial junction for democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean,” he went on to say, referring to the Latinobarómetro poll, according to which support for democracy has fallen significantly between 2010 and 2023, while support for authoritarianism increased, as citizens do not see the tangible benefits of democracy and show great concern about personalism and corruption, undermining trust in democratic institutions.

In Latin America, he continued, indefinite re-election over the last 30 years has eroded democracy.  “One example of this is the crisis in Venezuela, which combines a concentration of power, persecution of the opposition and censorship of the media,” he said, adding that without the transparency of the electoral process and without necessary documentation, the crisis will further worsen.  “We continue to insist on the publication of all electoral records and their verification by impartial institutions and respect for the results of the popular will in Venezuela,” he stressed, pointing out that without this publication, a legitimate winner cannot be declared.  Recalling that on 19 May the Dominican people re-elected him for a second and final presidential term, he said he had recently presented a constitutional reform to limit presidential re-elections to two consecutive terms.

Speaking about the crisis in Haiti, he underscored that the instability in the neighbouring country has put significant pressure on security.  In 2023, medical care for Haitian immigrants represented 9.9 per cent of the total appointments in the health system, while of 200,000 foreign minors in the Dominican public education system, 147,906 are estimated to be of Haitian origin, he said.  “These figures reflect the supportive commitment shown by the Dominican Republic, but we cannot do it alone,” he stressed, also thanking Kenya for the majority of the personnel supporting the Haitian National Police; the United States, which has borne the greatest financial and logistical burden; Jamaica, the Bahamas and El Salvador, which have already sent their contributions; and CARICOM for its efforts in Haiti.  Still, only 400 troops have been deployed in Haiti, with a minimum of 1,000 required for the force to be effective, he observed.

KLAUS WERNER IOHANNIS, President of Romania, said that finding solutions to restore and safeguard peace remain the main challenge as “insecurity, violence, conflicts and even war” have taken “a firm grip on our walls”.  “When diplomacy is the most difficult tool to use, it is precisely then when we need to use it most,” he stressed.  Pointing out “the dark global consequences” of the Russian Federation’s war against Ukraine — which “has unleashed the greatest security crisis in Europe in recent history” — he pledged his country’s strong multidimensional support for Kyiv.  More so, Romania will continue its unwavering support for the resilience of the Republic of Moldova — “the second most affected country by this war”.

“A long-term conflict is unacceptable,” he emphasized, highlighting the global impact of this war and calling for “the resolute support” of all UN Member States for Ukraine.  To this end, he announced full backing to the peace initiative of President Zelenskyy, describing it as “the only approach to ensure a just and lasting peace”.  Stressing the need for global unity in protecting civilians, he called for the implementation of the Security Council resolutions on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, while expressing support for the two-State solution.

Turning to the growing security threat of climate change, he urged to enhance international cooperation to keep the “1.5°C target alive”. Spotlighting the misuse of technology, disinformation and the rise of extremism, he stressed the need to strength global institutions, principles and values which serve to safeguard human dignity and rights.  “Technology is a global amplifier of trends, and it is up to us to decide whether it will contribute to more effective and accessible public services,” he stressed.

“There is no viable alternative to the United Nations,” he stressed, underscoring the need for the reform of the Organization to make it “fit to address current challenges and the ones looming”.  A more effective, efficient and representative United Nations is needed, he said, voicing support for “an extended Security Council, where transparency and accountability are the norm” and where youth and civil society can have a say on the matters affecting them.

FELIX TSHISEKEDI, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, said that multilateralism and respect for a global rules-based system have been the essential pillars that have supported peace, health and prosperity for the last 80 years.  “We have a responsibility to pool our efforts and to reaffirm our commitment to multilateralism,” he stressed, expressing concern for the alarming rise in armed conflicts and looting of natural resources.  While the current digital revolution presents unprecedented opportunity, global reforms are required and must involve a reassessment of the international financial architecture.  Youth is a major asset for Africa’s future, he continued, noting that investing in education and creating conducive environments for innovation are crucial. 

“The resurgence of the M23 terrorist groups supported by Rwanda has caused an unprecedented humanitarian crisis with close to 7 million internally displaced persons,” he said.  This aggression is a major violation of national sovereignty.  “We call upon the international community to firmly condemn these actions and to impose targeted sanctions against Rwanda,” he said, demanding an immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Rwandan troops from his country’s territory.  Beyond immediate humanitarian aid for the millions of people in need, a long-term approach focused on justice, reconciliation and sustainable development is essential to allow the victims to recover and to return to a decent life.

Terrorism, which is raging in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is closely linked to the looting and illegal exploitation of its natural resources, he said.  These criminal activities are nourishing insecurity and financing armed groups, exacerbating conflicts in the Great Lakes region.  He called on the United Nations to apply severe sanctions against those responsible for these economic crimes.  The good news is that reforms to ensure free basic education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have allowed more than 4 million children to attend school.  Still, the Democratic Republic of the Congo will not be able to achieve the SDGs by 2030 due to persisting inequality.  He underscored the importance of financial and technical support and shared the various ways the country is working to preserve natural resources, including its tropical forests.  It is crucial to recognize the link between climate change, environmental degradation and security to foster proactive action, he went on to say.

On gender equality, he said the Democratic Republic of the Congo is determined to change mentalities and to overcome social barriers that are hampering women from prospering.  The Government is dedicated to passing legislation that guarantees women are adequately protected in society.  “We’re also seeing increased presence of women in governmental bodies, as well as in the judicial system and the Parliament,” he said.  It is equally vital to “breathe new life into multilateralism” through targeted reforms of the Security Council as well as the use of the veto power.  He further requested two permanent seats on the Security Council for African countries.

ÚMARO SISSOCO EMBALÓ, President of Guinea-Bissau, said that, amid a backdrop of grave challenges, devastating wars and hundreds of millions of people in extreme poverty, “implementing reforms in global economic and financial governance to make it more just, inclusive and equitable has become even more urgent. This is the only way to build adequate responses to the challenges that humanity faces.”  Calling for both concrete actions to finance development programmes and environmental protections, he turned attention to the Security Council:  “Eight decades after the establishment of the UN in 1945, we live today in a totally different world,” he said, noting that Security Council reform must consider African interests under the terms of the Ezulwini Consensus and the Sirte Declaration of Heads of State and Government of the African Union.  Moreover, international financial architecture must be reformed to promote greater inclusion, particularly in Africa, he continued, spotlighting the African Union’s Agenda 2063.

Guinea-Bissau is committed to national reconciliation, democracy, the rule of law and sustainable development, he continued.  Despite the challenging global economic landscape, his country has seen growth thanks to its public policies, accountability and transparency. Measures bolstering the private sector have created a more inclusive economy, and women and youth entrepreneurship is promoted in turn, he said, also highlighting investment in constructing and improving basic infrastructure.  “We declared war on corruption and organized crime,” he added, which restored trust from global financial institutions and multilateral and bilateral partners.  In cultivating foreign relations to build peace, he recalled visits to the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Israel and Palestine, also reiterating Guinea-Bissau’s call to lift the unjust embargo that Cuba has been subject to for decades.

Speaking in his capacity as President of the African Leaders Malaria Alliance, he highlighted significant progress and the ambition to replenish the Global Fund.  Under his tenure, he oversaw partnering with the private sector to produce medications and mosquito nets as well as encouraging technology transfer to African companies and established councils and funds, he recalled. Despite all this, the Alliance will be at a $1.5 billion deficit in the next three years, he said, pointing out that global warming will only expand the geographic reach of mosquitos and expose 170 million more people to malaria in Africa.  In closing, he reaffirmed his country’s determination to promote international cooperation, calling for the peaceful resolution of conflicts and an end to suffering of innocent populations.

JOSÉ MARIA PEREIRA NEVES, President of Cabo Verde, said that numerous armed conflicts continue to ravage various regions with devastating impacts on the populations, particularly in the Middle East.  He urged all parties to spare no effort to put an end to these conflicts, to commit to dialogue and uphold the values enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, international law and humanitarian law.  He also confirmed commitment to achieving the SDGs, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the African Union Agenda 2063.  “This year, we proudly received the certification from the World Health Organization (WHO) as a malaria-free country,” he emphasized, adding that many nations, especially in Africa, are still grappling with this terrible disease, while microbial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance also pose significant threats to global health.  “I reaffirm Cabo Verde’s firm commitment to being an active and constructive member of the United Nations, tirelessly championing the universal values contained in its Charter,” he said.

Speaking about climate change that disproportionately affects vulnerable nations, especially small island developing States, he stressed that people in these States seek bolder commitments from high-emission countries and swift implementation of climate policies and funding mechanisms. “The rising sea levels, also caused by climate change, require immediate and special attention — the challenge is multidimensional and extends far beyond island and coastal populations: it affects all continents and regions, leaving no one immune to this catastrophe in the making,” he said, welcoming today’s high-level meeting on Addressing the Existential Threats Posed by Sea-level Rise.

“As an Ocean Nation, Cabo Verde has a tiny land territory in comparison to the immensity of its maritime territory,” he recalled, spotlighting that he accepted the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) invitation to become a Patron of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science Alliance for Sustainable Development (2021-2030).  He recalled that for three consecutive years, Cabo Verde has hosted international Ocean Conferences to foster partnerships between Governments, the private sector, scientists and civil society, and in 2025 it will host a high-level meeting for the Atlantic, Indian Ocean and South China Sea regions.  “Even if we dedicated our entire State budget to sustainable development and climate action, it would still fall short of the necessary funding targets,” he emphasized, urging to scale up technical assistance and capacity-building efforts in financing sustainable development to ensure that the Global South is not left behind.

Speaking in his capacity as the African Union Champion for Natural and Cultural Heritage, he said he has been tirelessly advocating for the protection, promotion and sustainable management of Africa’s rich natural and cultural heritage, which is highly vulnerable to climate change. “The restitution of cultural assets — such as artifacts, works of art and sacred objects — which are an integral part of the cultural identity, history and traditions of the communities from which they originate, is of vital importance not only for Africa but for many other regions of the world,” he stated, underscoring that their removal has disrupted cultural continuity, and their return would allow the preservation of their cultural and spiritual integrity.  He also announced a high-level meeting in 2025 in Cabo Verde focused on Atlantic Creoleness, bringing together scholars of Creole languages, artists, writers, filmmakers, men and women of culture and world leaders to enhance initiatives like the Slave Route Project and the Decade of People of African Descent.

IRIS XIOMARA CASTRO SARMIENTO, President of Honduras, highlighted the threats she faces for implementing structural changes to the country’s previous economic model that had perpetuated inequality and enriched the powerful.  Despite being a sovereign State, Honduras continues to face colonial practices and interference coupled with economic, media and political domination, she said. “Globalization has failed” to bring prosperity, she stressed, spotlighting the damaging effects of neoliberal privatization policies, which have weakened access to essential services. Moreover, free trade agreements have undermined sovereignty and the ability for producers to compete on equal footing.  “Peace, justice, freedom and democracy remain foundational values of our nation, and for this reason, we do not accept their hijacking by the 10 most powerful families in Honduras,” she asserted.

Against this backdrop, she called for strengthening democracy through “popular consultations” and effective participation of the people, detailing the Government’s efforts to fight corruption, including structural reforms and the dismantling of corrupt schemes that looted public resources.  These reforms have enabled free school meals, increased agricultural production and provided low-interest housing and farming loans.  Also, the “rescuing” of previously privatized national electricity, agricultural and other institutions has benefitted over 800,000 families, who receive free energy, and allowed for setting the lowest fuel prices in Central America.

Highlighting further achievements — significant investments in infrastructure, including the construction of eight hospitals and three airports — she announced a plan to build a railway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.  “We have seen a historic 15-point reduction in the homicide rate, the largest decrease in 20 years,” she said, outlining her environmental programme that has achieved “historic results” in the conservation of protected areas, forests and rivers in Honduras.

Turning to the global affairs, as a temporary president of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), she denounced “the genocide against the Palestinian people”, and demanded an immediate ceasefire in Lebanon.  She further voiced support for Haiti and called for an end to the embargo on Cuba, as well as urged lifting the “unfair blockade” imposed against Nicaragua and Venezuela.

JOSEPH BOAKAI, President of Liberia, said that innate greed, insensitivity to the poor, the international drug epidemic, money-laundering, dynamics of climate change and the impact of social media must compel a rethinking of the approach to global peace and security.  “Our beloved United Nations must undergo the institutional and philosophical reflections,” he said.  Twelve years ago, Liberia “dared to dream” of a future within the realm of possibility.  Named Liberia Rising, or Vision 2030, this plan has been the driving force behind all of his country’s planning efforts.  Liberia is focused on addressing the economic and social needs of millions of Liberians, especially its youth, who account for 60 per cent of the population.

Liberia focuses on development in agriculture and infrastructure, as well as justice and the rule of law, education, sanitation, health and tourism, he said.   But despite Liberia’s progress, poverty remains a significant challenge, with over half its population living below the poverty line.  Liberia also acknowledges the pressing need to address maternal and newborn mortality by implementing robust monitoring and evaluation of health services to accelerate the reduction of maternal and newborn mortality.

In January, Liberia achieved a historic milestone by peacefully transitioning from one democratic Government to another, he went on to say.  “We are gradually fostering and solidifying a democratic culture, ensuring that democracy is here to stay in Liberia,” he said.  Liberia is taking significant strides towards openness, transparency and accountability by empowering and supporting transparent institutions.  But the country is facing a drug epidemic, driven by international criminal enterprises and their networks, he said, urging the international community to join Liberia in addressing the escalating drug crisis.

Liberia is taking important steps to lead the conversation on climate action, he continued.  “While we take these actions, we are mindful of the need to build capacity and invest in critical areas of our economy such as using alternative financing for investment in the blue and green economy, and technological transfer to support these climate actions,” he added.  Liberia firmly stands with the rest of West Africa in the resolve to keep our 50-year-old ECOWAS intact.  “We oppose efforts to disintegrate our union and will not accept the region being used for proxy conflicts,” he stressed.  Liberia is prepared to work together with the United Nations and the international community to accomplish the Sustainable Development Goals and establish a fair, peaceful and sustainable world.

MOKGWEETSI E.K. MASISI, President of Botswana, evoking a backdrop of interlinking crises exacerbated by geopolitical tensions and compounded by the Israel-Hamas war, condemned attacks on innocent civilians and voiced concern for the situation in Gaza. Voicing further concern over the deaths of United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) employees and hailing their work, he said, “We owe them a debt of gratitude, and they deserve our full protection.”  Moreover, Botswana “abhors” attacks on UNRWA’s structures and “condemns disinformation and misinformation campaigns against this life-saving General Assembly-mandated Agency”.  His country is proud to have joined the Statement of Shared Commitments on UNRWA, he said, reiterating Botswana’s position on the importance of the two-State solution based on the 1967 borders to establish peace.

Meanwhile, the war in Ukraine rages in disrespect of its territorial integrity, he added, calling on the parties to use diplomacy to seek a peaceful resolution.  Africa also continues to grapple with armed conflict and terrorism. In that vein, Botswana commends the efforts of the African Union and the UN to address such challenges and welcomes the adoption of Security Council resolution 2719 (2023) on support to African Union-led peace operations.  In this time of conflicts and violence, international law must be respected, namely the principle of the responsibility to protect.  Peace will not be achieved if left only to multilateral bodies. Governments must create conditions for peace within their own countries through building effective intuitions and committing to good governance in line with human rights and democratic values.

“Regrettably, while on the one hand, the scourge of war rages on, on the other hand, the promise of sustainable development is in great peril,” he said, noting that only 17 per cent of the SDGs are on track.  However, inspiration can be taken from successes such as a reduction in global child mortality, fewer HIV infections and greater parity in childhood education. “Poverty eradication is the sine qua non of sustainable development.”  However, comprehensive social protection and “pro-poor policies” must be complemented by those that facilitate growth and sustainable employment. To leave no one behind, Botswana calls for “predictable, sustainable and sufficient development finance to developing countries from all funding sources”.

On the climate crisis, he said that his subregion of Southern African has experienced droughts and floods with devastating effects on over 61 million people.  SADC reiterates its appeal for $5.5 billion to bolster domestic resources of the States affected by the impacts of El Niño. “I cannot overemphasize the need for adequate climate finance for effective climate action,” he urged, reminding developed countries of their annual $100 billion commitments and calling for more ambitious goals going forward.  Both as a landlocked developing country and as Chair of the Group of Landlocked Developing Countries, Botswana remains deeply concerned by growing obstacles to the 2030 Agenda, he said, highlighting that the group of countries are often cut off from global trade without sea access, which poses challenges in the development of infrastructure.  The forthcoming Third UN Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries in his country will be an opportunity to address these challenges, he said, inviting transit countries to participate.

EMMANUEL MACRON, President of France, said his country paid tribute to the peoples of America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania for liberation from the Nazi grip and recalled the recent Paralympic and Olympic Games when the much-wanted Olympic truce did not come to life.  “Above all, first and foremost, we need to restore the terms of trust and respect between peoples,” he noted, urging to pay equal attention to those who are suffering and to stave off the possibility of having double standards. “One life is equal to another.  Civilian protection is an imperative norm and must remain a North Star at a time when, this year, we are marking the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Geneva Conventions,” he emphasized, calling for refuting the ideas that those who have died in Ukraine are from the North and those who have died in Gaza are from the South, with the same for those who die in the conflicts in Sudan, the Great Lakes region or Myanmar.  “We should look for peace everywhere and not accept any differences,” he said.

Underscoring that today’s conflicts call into question the very capacity to ensure that the UN Charter is respected, he observed:  “When I see some people want to propose peace by asking for capitulation, it’s surprising.”  Urging to provide a common response to the two wars affecting Europe and the Middle East, he said that the Russian Federation is waging a war in Ukraine for territorial conquest.  “Nothing that they are doing is in line with the common interest of nations,” he emphasized. “Because who could still believe that they are protected from their neighbours?” he asked, stressing that it is in the common interest of nations that Ukraine be restored in its legitimate right as soon as possible and pledging that France will continue to do everything in its powers so that Ukraine can hold strong, be out of danger and obtain justice.

Turning to Gaza, he said that his country’s position has been to condemn the terrorist attack against Israel by Hamas in October 2023, demanding the release of hostages.  Noting that Israel has a legitimate right to protect its own people and to deny Hamas the means of attacking them again, he emphasized that Israel’s war in Gaza has gone on too long, and tens of thousands of civilian victims in Palestine cannot be justified:  “There is no explanation possible for this.”  Humanitarian assistance must arrive en masse in Gaza, he continued, vowing that France will participate in any initiatives that will save lives.  He also promised to ensure that the Palestinian people can finally have a State, as France is committed to a two-State solution. Speaking about Lebanon, he stressed that while Hizbullah for too long has been running a risk of dragging the country into war, Israel cannot without consequence just expand its operations to Lebanon.  “We cannot have a war in Lebanon,” he said, urging Israel to cease this escalation and calling on Hizbullah to cease missile launches to Israel.

Speaking about Africa, he said that France has done a lot over recent years for this continent, specifically in the Sahel, where the French Army fought against terrorism.  “Europe and Africa have a shared destiny,” he stressed.  The same philosophy of partnership is being embodied in the Pacific region, he went on to say, highlighting that the French territories in the Indo-Pacific have unique expertise in the fight against climate change, the protection of biodiversity and clean energy.  Touching on the pressing issue of artificial intelligence (AI), he said it should be coordinated by States within an ethical, democratic framework created by the peoples of the planet.  “We cannot let some people — a few private actors who are on the cutting edge of this innovation at the moment — think about the future of this for our peoples,” he stated.  He also called for making the United Nations more efficient, adding that France is in favour of the Security Council being expanded.  “Germany, Japan, India, Brazil should be permanent members, much like two countries of Africa,” he said, specifying that the reform should also change the working methods and limit the right of veto in cases of mass crimes.

DENIS BEĆIROVIĆ, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, said his country, one of the oldest in Europe, was not created in Dayton in 1995, but the Dayton Peace Agreement confirmed the country’s continuity.  “We rebuilt the country destroyed by the war,” he said, including its defence system, its judiciary, the tax system and numerous other institutions.  Bosnia and Herzegovina is actively working to become a member of the European Union and NATO.  Noting that the world is facing numerous challenges and threats, he said:  “Unfortunately, we live in a world of injustice, insecurity and intolerance.  Never in history has a human had more power and at the same time felt as insecure as he does today.” 

With millions of children living in extreme poverty, he asked why the international community has invested more money in weapons, rather than in eradicating poverty.  “It's time for everyone to realize that human lives are more important than guns.  Otherwise, I fear that we are collectively headed for a global catastrophe,” he said.  To address the problems of modern humanity, he suggested that the international community focus on preserving the United Nations role as the global centre of coordination and cooperation. Other goals are strengthening the multilateral system, in accordance with international law; intensifying the UN reform process; effectively implementing the 2030 Agenda; and rebuilding trust and cooperation among nations on key global issues.  “Together we should open the space for creative global cooperation instead of geopolitics of rivalry and conflict in the twenty-first century,” he said. 

Humanity is once again facing severe moral and political crisis, he said, stressing that the United Nations response to Ukraine and Gaza has been as inadequate as it was during the aggression in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995.  The Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine, which he firmly condemned, is a flagrant example of violation of the UN Charter and international law, he said, reiterating his country’s firm support for Ukraine’s independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.  Gaza is an “utter defeat of collective humanity in the twenty-first century”, he said. Noting that Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only European country where genocide was committed after the Second World War, he lamented that the ideology, politics and media that fostered the genocide are once again threatening his country.  He thanked the General Assembly for adopting on 23 May 2024 a resolution that establishes 11 July as the International Day of Reflection and Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica.  The text is a highly moral and civilized act and is just as important for the UN as it is for Bosnia and Herzegovina, he stressed.  

Despite all the injustices, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a peaceful country and remains firmly committed to regional cooperation, one of its strategic foreign policy goals, he said.  He warned delegates and the global audience that Serbian leaders are once again threatening his country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.  The greater-state aspirations of Serbia towards the territories of other countries in the region are the essential reason why Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Western Balkans are exposed to new dangers.  One example is the destructive Declaration by the so-called “All-Serb Assembly”, adopted in Belgrade on 8 June of this year.  “It is not just a declarative act, but a dangerous greater-state programme document that threatens the Dayton Peace Agreement and Bosnia and Herzegovina,” he said.  His country achieved a civilizational and moral victory in the previous decades, despite genocide, crimes against humanity and the activities of joint criminal enterprises.  “People in my country want peace and cooperation.  We stand for humanity and solidarity,” he stressed.

ALEXANDER STUBB, President of Finland, said that his country’s recovery from the Second World War and “our rise from one of the poorest countries in Europe to one of the wealthiest and safest and yes, happiest countries in the world” is closely linked to the success of the United Nations.  Noting that the international community is once again standing at a crossroads in history, he noted that the number of ongoing conflicts is the highest since the cold war.  “Human suffering has reached a point that should be unacceptable in this room,” he said, adding that paradoxically, many countries are rejecting multilateral cooperation precisely when it is needed more than ever.  Highlighting the need for “win-win solutions” rather than “zero-sum games”, he said mitigating and adapting to climate change and halting biodiversity loss is an example of the first.  The same goes for technology, he said noting that “all disruptive technologies work in both directions, good and bad”.

More than 10,000 children have been killed in Gaza, he pointed out, adding that child abduction is being used as a weapon of war in Ukraine, and millions of people worldwide have been forced to leave their homes. “Decisions about war and peace are made by a tiny number of people, often driven by a cynical need to hold on to power,” he said, adding that the global majority, who are interested in peace, do not have enough power in the international system.  Condemning the Russian Federation’s aggression, he called on President Putin “to end this war and end it now”.

In Palestine, “we must ask ourselves whose interests are driving the war” given that peace meets the interests of Palestinians and Israelis, he said.  In Sudan, the international community has failed to apply the principle of African solutions to African problems, he said, adding that it is becoming an arena of regional and international rivalry.  Peace mediation cannot be transactional, he stressed, and the United Nations must be at its centre.  But without far-reaching reform, he cautioned, the UN will be sidelined.

 Highlighting Finland’s three-point proposal for reform, he stressed that all major continents need to be represented in the Council at all times.  It is unacceptable that there is no permanent representation from Latin America and Africa, while China alone represents Asia in the 15‑member body.  Therefore, the number of permanent members must be increased by five so that there are two from Asia, two from Africa and one from Latin America.  Further, no single State should have veto power, he said, noting how it has incapacitated the Council and halted decision-making.  “UN agencies are not subject to vetoes and are working effectively, precisely because no single member can prevent them from doing so,” he pointed out.  Finally, if a Council member, whether permanent or temporary, violates the UN Charter, its voting rights should be suspended, he said, adding that this decision should ultimately be taken by the General Assembly.  Citing his mentor and friend, former Finland President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, he said:  “Peace is a question of will.”

MOHAMED IRFAAN ALI, President of Guyana, asked — if the States assembled “all agree” on ending war, reforming the Security Council, fixing the international financial system and achieving climate, food and energy security — “what is stopping us from acting?”  He stressed:  “We will all be doomed in the court of conscience for knowing what is right while ignoring what is wrong.”  Noting that States make an “annual pilgrimage” to the United Nations Climate Change Conference — filled with hope, but where “unkept promises are the order of the day” — he underscored:  “We must break free from this pattern of empty pledges.”  For its part, Guyana — 86 per cent of which is covered in tropical forests — has the second-highest percentage of forest cover on the planet as well as one of the lowest rates of deforestation.  Further, it straddles two of the richest biodiversity zones — the Guiana Shield and the Amazon — and is dedicated to the preservation of these vital global assets.

Spotlighting the Indigenous Peoples of Guyana as “the foremost stewards of this great natural heritage”, he reported that, in recognition of their leadership, 15 per cent of all revenues earned from carbon sales are directly transferred to his country’s Indigenous communities.  “We have preserved our biodiversity and know its value,” he stated, emphasizing that “it is only fair and just that this global asset be monetized in a fair carbon market”.  Today, announcing the launch of a “Global Biodiversity Alliance”, he said that its first summit — to be held in 2025 — will focus on creating a market for biodiversity credits, scaling biodiversity conservation debt swaps, accelerating biodiversity bonds, establishing a blueprint for biodiversity taxonomies and promoting nature-positive action.  Additionally, Guyana commits to doubling its protected areas by December 2025 and achieving the global biodiversity target of conserving 30 per cent of the planet’s land and sea by 2030.  These are “real solutions” to address the problem, he emphasized, adding that “we do not lecture; we lead by example, without arrogance”.

Turning to food insecurity, he urged “more concerted action” to address its root causes — reducing conflict, mitigating climate change and enhancing production and trade in food commodities.  Guyana’s national agriculture policy will see at least 35 per cent of agribusinesses owned by women and 60 per cent by young people.  Yet, “we find ourselves in a world where the quest for peace is met with the defiant echo of conflict”, he observed.  While Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity are being violated, decisive Security Council action remains fettered by the veto.  Elsewhere, the conflict in Sudan rages on, attended by the devastating consequences of famine and mass displacement, and women and girls in Afghanistan face continued oppression and persecution by the Taliban.  “Closer to my home, CARICOM has been actively supporting a Haitian-led process” to restore democracy, peace and stability in that country, he noted.  However, he underscored:  “Peace, stability and safety are nowhere more imperilled than in Gaza.”

While condemning Hamas’ 7 October 2023 attacks, he stated that the “collective punishment” of an entire population “has long gone beyond the realm of self-defence”.  Instead, the right to self-defence is being used as a weapon of mass extermination, stoking legitimate fears of genocide.  No State should feel comfortable and safe when such atrocities are allowed to continue with impunity, and he stressed:  “The war in Gaza must end now.”  Additionally, he called for the revocation of the embargo on Cuba and recalled that the border between his country and Venezuela was “fully, finally and perfectly settled in an 1899 award by an international tribunal”. Noting the 2023 issuance of provisional measures by the International Court of Justice “in light of intensified acts of aggression by Venezuela”, he expressed hope that Caracas will accept the Court’s decision.  Adding that the UN must fulfil its role as custodian of peace, promoter of sustainable development and protector of international law, he urged:  “Let us not be found wanting.”

JOSÉ RAÚL MULINO QUINTERO, President of Panama, said his country faces the immense problem of illegal migration due to its strategic geographic location.  This mass movement through the Darien Gap, spearheaded by criminal organizations, is used as passage by hundreds of thousands of migrants — women, children, and elderly people — fleeing serious economic, political and social problems in search of the so-called American dream.  Expressing understanding of the “hard decision” people take to migrate and escape the misery and oppression they experience in their place of origin, he said “the vast majority of people want to live, develop, and thrive in the land where they were born”.  The causes are known but cannot be addressed alone, especially given the many social and financial problems Panama faces.  That is why, he continued, illegal migration through his country — being a huge global problem — should be at the core of discussions at the United Nations.

“We are proud to be a country that connects world trade, but we will not allow ourselves to be used for the transit of illegal immigrants with the corresponding social, human and environmental costs that this entails for our territory,” he said, adding that Panama does not only pay an expensive environmental price for this illegal human flow, but its biodiversity is also severely damaged.  Contextualizing the magnitude of the situation, he contrasted the 2023 migration figure of over 500,000 persons — 12 per cent of Panama’s population — through the Darien Gap to the population of the United States and Italy, a fellow victim of illegal migration, revealing that both countries would experience the influx of 40 million and 7 million illegal migrants into their territories at that rate.  He lamented the lack of international support on this issue, imploring Member States to appreciate its enormity and offer much needed “concrete cooperation”.

He highlighted political instability as one of the causes of mass migration, the consequences of which is the desertion of citizens — Venezuela being a “concrete example”, with almost 8 million Venezuelans having fled the country.  “The latest events in Venezuela have further undermined the country's tainted institutionality”, he stressed, adding that “the current regime has lost the livelihood of its most fervent defenders in the region or, at best, has received the fragile support of silence”, and will neither leave power nor recognize its defeat.  He therefore called on “the relevant organizations to act forcefully against manifestly undemocratic attitudes and behaviours”.

He expressed displeasure over Panama being placed on a list together with “tyrannies that have committed the worst atrocities”, objecting to such labelling.  Highlighting the actions his Government has taken, especially in democratic and financial reforms, compliance with international standards of transparency and prevention of money laundering and other organized crime crimes, he insisted that “Panama cannot and should not allow this affront, especially after all the efforts made.” “It is paradoxical, but the nations that approve the inclusion of Panama in these lists use our canal, participate in public tenders, profit from paid consultancies and lobby in favor of their companies to win contracts in our country,” he continued, announcing that companies from such countries that endorse and accompany those lists would be prohibited from participating in international tenders and would not have Panama’s vote in international organizations.  He vowed to continue the fight against discrimination of his country. 

FAURE ESSOZIMNA GNASSINGBE, President of Togo, said the world is at a cross-roads as aging institutions attempt to deal with complex and intense problems.  If the attention to these problems is not accompanied by adapting to new realities and specific actions, there is real reason for concern for the planet and its people, especially youth.  “We cannot persist with systems that don’t deliver on their promises,” he said.  “We must embark on a profound transformation. My conviction is that another path is possible.”  This path includes the creation of a model of international cooperation that is more inclusive and respectful.  He holds a vision of Africa that fully embraces the continent’s role as a strategic partner in the construction of new rules of planetary regulation.  “Togo is looking to the future with hope and determination,” he said.

Togo is working on development that is sustainable, equitable and inclusive, he said, adding that it must be visionary.  “Our responsibility is to protect present and future generations,” he said.  This will require massive investments in the education and healthcare systems, investments to reduce the digital divide, and a commitment to improve the environment and ecology and to reduce gender inequality.  The international community must look to Africa, which is a future driver of global growth, with its large population of youth, who can help develop innovative solutions to global problems.  Africa holds opportunities for the development of the blue and green economies.  “It can be transformed into a global hub for renewable energy,” he said, adding: “Africa is testing new partnership models between private and public partners.”  Effective multilateral cooperation is necessary to deal with the crises that impact many countries in a region. 

Africa is a region with great vulnerability to climate change even though its contribution to the changing climate has been minimal, he said. This had led to great food insecurity, which will in turn lead to major waves of migration to the north if adjustments are not made.  “Collective and coordinated action is necessary to revitalize global efforts to achieve peace and security,” he said.  Economic development would help tackle the root causes of violence and the persisting threat of terrorism facing Africa.  “Multinational cooperation is necessary to tackle these issues,” he said.  International cooperation cannot be strengthened without a new model that is more equitable and respectful to African States.  “We need to rebalance our efforts,” he said, stressing: “Africa deserves particular attention and more respect and dignity.”  African States can play a larger role as strategic actors on the international stage.

Respect for human dignity must guide daily actions within the borders of African countries, throughout the continent and throughout the world.  “The voices of Africa must be elevated” and heard in international arenas, he said. He advocated for a new model of international cooperation that is based on localization.  “Despite the best efforts, international aid is disconnected from the needs and capacities of local people that need the aid,” he said. Local expertise and players must be actively used.  Togo is resolved to play a role in developing solutions to multinational problems; and Africa is ready to play its rightful role on the international stage.  “But Africa needs to be respected,” he said, stressing:  “Let us build a world where each nation and people live in harmony with each other and the planet.”

BASSÍROU DIOMAYE DIAKHAR FAYE, President of Senegal, stressing that unity in diversity is the key to sustainable development and human dignity, said the international community has a collective responsibility to fulfil the United Nations’ promise of a fairer and more equitable world. “Ours is a troubled world,” he said, adding that justice and respect for human rights are being tested every day. Conflicts are spreading, inequalities are widening and the climate crisis is rendering millions of people across the planet even more vulnerable than they were before, he said, adding “that the world must stare the truth in the eye”.  Resolutions adopted by the Assembly are treated with flagrant disregard, and the principles of the UN Charter “are kicked to the corner”. “Never before have the foundations of the United Nations been as shaky as they are now,” he said.

Turning to the Sahel where terrorist groups are sowing tragedy, pillaging and killing innocent civilians, he said this region was once stable but is now in the grips of daily violence.  Yet, the Council remains inactive, he pointed out, stressing that the Sahel must not be allowed to become the theatre of foreign rivalries that will destabilize the region.  Underscoring that peace in Africa is inextricably linked with global peace, he called on the Council to play its role as a guarantor of international peace and security.  Also expressing deep concern about the tragic situation playing out in Palestine where entire generations have grown up in the shadow of oppression, he noted that his country is the Chair of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and reiterated the calls for a ceasefire and a two-State solution.  This is an open wound on the international conscience, he said, adding that international humanitarian law must be respected in all conflict zones.

“Peace is not simply the absence of war; peace is also every human being having the possibility of living in dignity,” he said, adding that food, housing, education and healthcare are crucial elements of a sustainable peace.  Yet, more than 750 million people are going hungry, he noted, adding that the international community must not allow mechanisms for global governance to reproduce these inequalities.  “It's high time to do away with a dog-eat-dog world,” he said, calling for urgent reforms of the Security Council, the IMF and the World Bank so that these institutions become more inclusive.

The African continent must have a more meaningful place in these decision-making bodies.  It is also essential to repair economic injustices, he said, drawing attention to how illegal trade, tax evasion, illicit financial flows and abusive tax systems harm developing countries, including on his continent. Also stressing the need to tackle climate change while respecting the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, he said the industrialized countries that are historically responsible for mass greenhouse gas emissions must step up their efforts to finance an equitable energy transition.

SYLVANIE BURTON, President of Dominica, noting that she addresses the Assembly as her country’s first female and first Indigenous President, joined her voice “with those who believe that no one” should be left behind in the “relentless pursuit of advancement”.  For Dominica, as for many small island developing States, climate change is not a distant or abstract issue.  “It is a daily reality,” she stressed, recalling the tropical storm that wiped out 96 per cent of Dominica’s GDP in 2015 and the 2017 hurricane that destroyed over 225 per cent of her country’s GDP “in a matter of hours”.  And, in 2024, Dominica watched in agony as Hurricane Beryl swept across Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Barbados and Jamaica.  “These tragic occurrences embolden us to state firmly that the time for rhetoric has long passed,” she said, calling for urgent, bold and decisive action to limit global warming to 1.5°C — “as science clearly dictates”.

This requires, she went on to emphasize, drastically reduced emissions, honoured financial commitments and resilient infrastructure in regions particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.  As Caribbean States direct their gaze east towards the storms emerging from the Atlantic, there is no denial that climate change is happening.  “We see,” she underscored, and “we feel its disastrous impacts on a daily basis”. And, while Caribbean States have prioritized the development of national climate adaptation strategies and invested in resilient infrastructure and agriculture, community education and renewable energy, these interventions will remain ineffective, she stressed, “if our friends and partners in the industrialized world do not honour their commitments to reduce global warming and provide the funding that is required”. Adding that high-emitting countries must recognize and accept responsibility for their destructive practices and “do the noble thing”, she stated:  “We will not relent until they do.”

Turning to Haiti, she said that its present challenges are, in part, related to the “glorious contribution Haiti made to the quest for justice and freedom in our region and the world”.  It is therefore much more than a Caribbean crisis, and she underscored: “The heroic sacrifices of Haitian blood and treasure that opened the door to the liberation of so many of our countries — making it possible for us to be members of this august body — deserve no less than the abundant peace and prosperity of the wonderful Haitian people.” Spotlighting Kenya’s strategic support to bring the security situation under “some measure of control”, she pointed out that such support “is as natural as natural gets” due to the “ancestral and historical connections that we share, as well as the imposition that history placed on us to struggle for our liberation”.  She also thanked the United States and Canada for supporting the effort to stabilize Haiti, as well as other States that have supported the restoration of an environment conducive to peace and development.

Nevertheless, she urged that the long-running economic embargo against the people of Cuba be set aside, as “it hurts the people of Cuba as well as the image of its sponsors” and belongs “to a bygone era”.  Such measures should cease to exist, she stressed: “They fall, in our view, within the grand narrative of yet another Caribbean people’s struggle for liberation.” She also condemned the United States’ imposition of sanctions on Venezuela, emphasizing that the resulting hardship forced upon that country’s people “needs an immediate and complete end”. Concluding, she recalled that her ancestors — the Kalinago people — lived in harmony with nature, drawing on it for food and general well-being, and lived a communal life marked by social cohesion.  “My delegation recommends this way of life, of our Kalinago people, to this body,” she said.

HILDA HEINE, President of the Marshall Islands, said the international community cannot “ignore that our common multilateral progress is failing us in the hour of greatest need” with human rights — the fundamental freedoms that must be afforded every citizen of the planet, which is most at risk. The voices of the most vulnerable must never be drowned out, she said, stressing that the Human Rights Council must work towards a balanced agenda and an inclusive approach.  As the world prepares for the 2025 Oceans Conference, the international community must take action to protect the health and biodiversity of oceans because “the youngest and future generations of islanders must not be robbed of the benefits we know today,” she said, as without sustainable ocean ecosystems, her region’s economy, stability and cultural identity will collapse.  Calling on her country’s “distant-fishing partner nations” to place long-term sustainability ahead of immediate commercial goals, she condemned illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, tagging it as not just a threat to the Marshall Islands’ economic future, but also to global food security.

She therefore echoed calls for a precautionary approach towards high seas mining until, at least, an adequate and meaningful agreement at the International Seabed Authority on binding environmental measures and the mining code is in place.  On rising sea levels, which pose a threat to long- term residence in the islands as well as its national and regional security, she said that though her country has been late in preventing the erosion of its shores, it is determined to not be wiped off the map nor allow Marshallese to “go silently to our watery graves”. Her Government strongly supports the recent Declaration of the Heads of State and Government of the Alliance of Small Island States on Sea-Level Rise and Statehood, and it urges other nations to do likewise.  It also welcomes this year’s High-Level Meeting on Sea-Level rise as well as the ongoing work of the International Law Commission as opportunities to engage on complex multilateral questions.

Turning to nuclear issues, she noted that her country experienced 67 known atmospheric nuclear tests between 1946 and 1958, resulting in an ongoing legacy of death, illness and contamination and challenging its human rights, lands’ identity and communities — an “environmental burden upon our youngest and future generations”.  To promote nuclear risk elimination, therefore, the Marshall Islands is working towards acceding to the 1963 Partial Test Ban treaty as well as the Treaty of Rarotonga and its nuclear-free zone.  “We did not choose this nuclear fate — it was chosen for us,” she said, adding that the international community needs to adopt a resolution that formally apologizes for failing to heed the petition of the Marshallese people objecting to the UN Trusteeship Council resolutions 1082 (1954) and 1493 (1956).  This will begin the process of healing and help re-establish faith and trust in the Organization.

She condemned the Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine, describing it as a threat to basic democratic norms, human rights and international accountability.  She supported ongoing Pacific Islands Forum engagement with Indonesia and West Papua, to better understand stakeholders and to ensure human rights.  She further called on Member States to “not be blinded to Taiwan’s efforts and partnership towards achievement of the SDGs”, as only that independent, democratic government can represent its 23 million people. General Assembly resolution 2758 (1971) should not be used as a pretext to exclude Taiwan from participating meaningfully in the UN system.

IRAKLI KOBAKHIDZE, Prime Minister of Georgia, said it has made tough choices to develop as a peaceful, stable and developed country while reclaiming the national pride that its 3,000 years of history deserves. Georgia has never been afraid of taking the bold action necessary to tackle unprecedented global challenges. “The ongoing war in Ukraine has caused an unprecedented level of uncertainty and a humanitarian crisis,” he said, reiterating Tbilisi’s unwavering support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders. Understanding the importance of peace, Georgia has led the effort to transform the conflict-affected South Caucasus into a region of opportunities.  He welcomed the process of peaceful settlement between Armenia and Azerbaijan and particularly efforts to normalize relations with neighbouring countries. “We have been, and are, willing to provide a regional cooperation format that will support collaboration and trust-building between countries, to make sure differences are left in the past…” he said.

Georgia’s strategic location as a natural bridge between Europe and Asia makes it the shortest route between East and West. “We are a hub not only for the exchange of goods, but also for energy transit and much more,” he said, adding that Georgia ensures that seven landlocked countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia are connected with the world via its port infrastructure. Georgia is committed to developing the Anaklia deep seaport’s infrastructure.  The country is also the single safest and most reliable transit route for goods and services.  “Our commitment to maintaining and enhancing our role as a reliable transit corridor ensures we are able to support our strategic partners in Europe with their energy security needs,” he said.  Turning to economic issues, he said that despite external shocks, the Georgian economy has experienced an average annual growth rate of 9.7 per cent since 2021.

“Thanks to macroeconomic fundamentals and fiscal discipline, the Government debt and fiscal deficit declined to 39.3 per cent and 2.5 per cent, respectively,” he said, adding that Georgia has maintained one of the lowest regional inflation rates.  Additional steps to reduce poverty and inequality is at the heart of Georgia’s socioeconomic development agenda.  In 2023, the employment rate showed significant improvement; unemployment fell to a record low of 13 per cent during the first half of 2024.  The country’s effective performance is duly reflected in international rankings.  For example, the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Survey ranks Georgia twentieth in the world and eleventh in Europe in terms of corruption control; while in terms of rule of law, Georgia ranks twenty-ninth in the world and fourteenth in Europe.  “Even though the country hosted more than seven million tourists last year, it still maintains one of the lowest crime rates globally,” he said.

Despite the fact that 20 per cent of its territories are under illegal occupation, the country continues to thrive and grow and make sure that “our children live in a better, stronger and more dignified Georgia”, he said, adding:  “We are diligent and tireless in our quest to make sure Georgia is a country that every citizen is proud of.”  Addressing people on the other side of the occupation line in the Abkhazia and Tskhinvali regions, he said his Government’s actions aim to help people live together one day in a united and developed country.  “On this side of the occupation line, we will always meet you with an open heart.  We have to rebuild all the broken bridges in our country,” he added.  Georgia is at a pivotal point in its modern history and aims to become even more successful.  It is optimistic it will become a member of the European Union by 2030. “The country looks ahead with a commitment to shape a prosperous community with our allies and partners,” he said.

PEDRO SÁNCHEZ PÉREZ-CASTEJÓN, President of Spain, reaffirming support for international accountability mechanisms and the fight against impunity, said that his country is a defender of institutions such as the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court.  This consistent position “leads us to say the same thing in Ukraine, in Gaza, and in any other place”, he said.  Noting the pressures confronting the multilateral system, he said this is hindering the interlinked aspirations for peace, democracy, and development.  Stressing that democracy is the most advanced form of social and political organization that humanity has created in history, he said: “peace without democracy is the peace of jails”, while democracy without development or progress is a precursor to autocracy.  It has been 31 months since the beginning of the Russian Federation’s aggression not only against the Ukrainian people but against the entire international community.  Inviting all countries to support Ukraine’s Peace Formula, he said Spain will increase its humanitarian funding and will focus on recovery and reconstruction in that country. 

The unbearable spiral of devastation in Palestine has now spread to Lebanon, he observed, stressing the importance of humanitarian assistance, with UNRWA as a key actor on the ground. Noting the International Court of Justice’s advisory opinion establishing the illegality of the occupation of Palestinian territories, he added that Spain recognized the State of Palestine on 28 May.  In 1949, a Spanish man, Pablo de Azcárate, served as the first representative of the UN mediation mission in Palestine.  Noting that Mr. Azcárate was in exile from his own country, unable to return due to the dictatorship, he said his notes from that mission are filled with bitterness at the catastrophe he foresaw.  Noting the presence of Spanish troops in United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), he said that in Western Sahara, he will continue to support the Secretary-General’s Personal Envoy.  Also noting that the Indo-Pacific has become a center of gravity, he called for respect for the basic principles of international law, such as freedom of navigation at sea.  The European project is as an example of hope, he said, adding that in December 2020, Spain and the United Kingdom reached a bilateral understanding regarding Gibraltar. 

Highlighting democratic backsliding around the world, he said that a global reactionary agenda is gaining ground amid distrust in institutions.  “Democracy is battling for its survival,” he said, adding that it cannot aspire to win this battle “with one hand tied”.  Noting the spread of lies, hoaxes, and hatred, he said that it is no longer enough to proclaim the moral superiority of democracy; instead the international community must acknowledge mistakes and work towards “internal rejuvenation”, by enhancing transparency and accountability, and by making citizens feel that democracy is “something that belongs to them … something alive.” 

He also stressed the importance of tackling the climate emergency without succumbing to despair.  Noting that science has the solutions for this, he called on the international community to eliminate fossil fuels and invest in renewable energy.  More than half the electrical energy produced last year in Spain came from renewable sources, he said.  Data shows that progress is possible, he said, adding “let us honor our responsibilities by looking ahead without fear and with hope.”

ALLAH MAYE HALINA, Prime Minister of Chad, said that “peace remains a major challenge” for his country, as is the case for many in the Sahel.  While it is important to recognize the efforts made by regional States to combat terrorist groups — “whose origins and resources often remain unclear” — the international community’s lack of genuine, collective will to eradicate this scourge “risks bringing Africa as a whole into the grip of terrorist groups”, he stressed.  Urging strengthened cooperation to promote stability in Africa, he also pointed out that the world will, together, assess the results of the 2030 Agenda when that year arrives.  Like many African countries, Chad stands at a crossroads of multiple challenges — including climate change — which threaten food security.  Protracted drought, desertification and unprecedented flooding are “undermining our economies and hurting vulnerable populations”, he said, calling on the international community to honour its commitments on climate finance, climate justice and green technology transfer.

He reported that, for its part, Chad is working to improve access to education, safe drinking water, energy, healthcare and economic opportunities.  Meanwhile, the international community must fight poverty and inequality — particularly gender-based inequality — through renewed partnerships that recognize the specific needs of least developed countries.  “We ask for equitable access to vaccines, as well as to cutting-edge medical technology, because healthcare and education are the foundations of human dignity,” he stressed.  Young people in Chad — more than 65 per cent of the population — “are our greatest wealth”, he added, detailing efforts to invest in their education and political participation to “prevent them from becoming instrumentalized by radicalism and violent extremism”.  He also called on the UN to support an open labour market and an environment that allows youth to flourish, pointing out that the reason why African youth migrate “is the great divide that separates our States — even though we share a common destiny”.

He went on to point out that Chad currently hosts more than 2 million refugees, “which represent nearly 15 per cent of our population”.  This places a heavy burden on national resources and exacerbates the humanitarian emergency resulting from the massive influx of Sudanese refugees fleeing the crisis in that country.  Calling on the international community to support both refugees and host populations, he expressed regret that the warring parties in Sudan have rejected numerous appeals for a ceasefire.  Such parties must immediately stop fighting and facilitate unhindered humanitarian access to “the millions of victims of this fratricidal war”, he underscored. Sudan’s current crisis cannot be solved by force, only through dialogue aimed at achieving lasting peace. Turning to Libya, he called on all parties to do their utmost to “overcome the political impasse in which the country finds itself”.

However, conflicts are not limited to Africa alone, he pointed out, stating that the situation in Ukraine and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict “underscore the dangers of this inexcusable violence claiming untold innocent lives against the backdrop of increasing geopolitical tensions”.  Reaffirming his country’s commitment to a two-State solution, Palestinians’ inalienable right to self-determination and a peaceful, negotiated solution to the latter conflict, he said:  “The world cannot remain indifferent, with a clear conscience, given the horrifying images that we see coming from Gaza.”  He also called for lifting the embargo on Cuba and underlined Chad’s commitment to the Common African Position on Security Council reform. “Africa is asking for nothing more than the redress of a flagrant injustice dealt to an entire continent,” he stressed.

PÉTER SZIJJÁRTÓ, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary, said the world is living in an age of danger, not contemplating that decades after several treaties, it would be experiencing the phantom of a cold war, or of war returning to Europe.  On the Russian Federation’s aggression in Ukraine, he noted that, as a neighbour to the latter, his county is living in the shadow of the war, “paying the price of a war which is not our war”.  The real question now is “what is the fastest way to peace?”, he said, adding that the later peace is reached, the more people will die, families displaced and destructions wrought.  It is time, therefore, to analyse what has worked and what has not; and if the global community is sincere, it will know that nothing has worked.  Because weapons delivery has only exacerbated the conflict, those nations thinking of adding more weapons should desist and decide responsibly.

Hungary is concerned about possible use of nuclear weapons, he confessed, urging that a solution must be looked for since, clearly, no battlefield solution exists.  He therefore expressed support for an immediate ceasefire and the start of peace talks, admitting that is “easy to say, but hard to implement”. Defining diplomacy as the “capacity to talk to those with whom you disagree” or do not agree at all, he rejected all efforts to restrict talks.  After all, that is why the United Nations was established.  It is therefore not responsible that the five big Powers are not ready to talk to each other, posing a serious security risk to the world and a possible fragmentation into blocs again.  A civilized East-West cooperation will bring great solutions, he stated, and so Hungary argues for connectivity.

Recalling Europe’s political leaders’ talk of European cooperation, he noted that global politics must fundamentally change and return to the basis of mutual respect with dialogue and diplomacy returning as the major tools.  “The friends of peace are in majority in this chamber,” he observed.  As such, Hungry is ready to support peace processes and discuss peace plans.  Recounting examples of the Russian Federation’s ensuing economic partnerships with different countries, he called out economic sanctions as useless. Because the war in Ukraine is not the only security risk in the region — migration is, as well — Hungary will continue to prevent illegal migration through its borders, hence salvaging Europe’s security challenges, he said.

BAKHTIYOR SAIDOV, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan, said resolving global issues at the national level is crucial for maintaining the stability, well-being and prosperity of its people.  The consistent implementation of the SDGs is the cornerstone of the country’s policy.  The "Uzbekistan — 2030" development strategy is fully aligned with these goals and it has significantly reduced poverty, improved public access to education, transitioned to a green economy and improved gender equality.  “Our GDP has more than doubled, and the poverty rate has fallen almost four times in less than 10 years,” he said, adding that developing countries face challenges in accessing the global financial resources needed to achieve the SDGs.  “Reform of the international financial system is necessary so as to establish a modern financial architecture,” he said.  Humanity’s future is closely linked to the development and application of modern technologies.  “New scientific advancements should bring people and nations closer together, not separate them,” he added.

Turning to the changing climate, he said Central Asia is among the most vulnerable regions as increasing air temperatures jeopardize food and energy security.  For example, the level of water availability per capita in the region has dropped by half over the past few decades.  “We call on the international donor community to expand projects in the Aral Sea region aimed at mitigating the devastating consequences of the Aral Sea disaster,” he said.  The Aral Sea became the first region to receive the UN designation of zone of environmental innovation and technology.  Central Asian countries are unified on climate action and have developed a Regional Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and a Climate Council to create a national climate change programme.  “At the same time, we are aware of the need for broad international cooperation to effectively overcome these challenges,” he added.

Empowering women and girls and youth is an important part of the country’s policy.  “Youth represents our common future,” he said.  “In Uzbekistan, where over half of the population is under 30, effective youth policy is vital to build a New Uzbekistan.”  The country is implementing the UN Youth Strategy, yet the rising radicalization and increased violence involving youth is alarming.  “We must focus on fostering the proper spiritual and moral education of young people to prevent their involvement in radical movements,” he said.  He supported increased cooperation on this issue through Assembly resolutions.  The global threat of terrorism also requires unified international action.  “In the fight against this evil, there should be no place for selective approaches and double standards,” he said.  The Central Asian States cooperate closely to ensure regional security.  Together with the UN Office of Counter-Terrorism, the countries have successfully launched the Central Asia Regional Expert Council on Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Returnees.

Central Asia remains a top priority in Uzbekistan's foreign policy.  “We will continue to consolidate our efforts to transform the region into a zone of lasting peace, stability and dynamic development,” he said.  The region remains one of the least integrated in the world in terms of its transportation and communication networks.  To counter the high cost of transportation to the nearest seaports, the region is focused on connecting to major global markets and revitalizing the Great Silk Road.  Uzbekistan follows a pragmatic policy towards Afghanistan, which is integral to Central Asia, contributing to its economic reconstruction and development of its transport and energy infrastructure.  “In order to achieve stability, it is crucial to uphold the UN’s central role in resolving the Afghan issue and developing coordinated strategies to ensure sustainable development,” he said.

YVAN GIL PINTO, Minister of the People's Power for Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, said that over the past few days the Assembly has heard two narratives — the first is the discourse of the oligarchs and their satellites, led by the United States while the second is that of dignified people fighting for their sovereignty and independence.  White supremacy, racism and xenophobia have been normalized with the support of large international media monopolies and social networks, he said, adding that imperialism and neocolonialism seek to fabricate conflict. “As we speak in the Assembly, bombs are being dropped on Gaza,” he said, noting the complicity of the United States and the European Union in the murder of tens of thousands of innocents.  They intend to export destruction to an entire region, expanding the bombing to Lebanon and destabilizing Iran.  “A new form of terrorism has been applied in Lebanon, with the complicity of private companies that manage the supply chains of mass consumer technologies,” he said, adding that “Israel has truly become a death machine.”

Also condemning the expansion of war in Europe due to military blocs such as NATO, he added that after the defeat of Ukraine's Nazi adventure, “they now intend to bring war and terrorism to great Russia”. NATO's expansion also threatens peace in South America with the installation of military bases, he said, noting the complicity of Argentina and Ecuador in that.  Welcoming the fact that “for the first time in the history of this Assembly”, the Palestine delegation is sitting with other States, he called for its immediate full membership in the UN.  Highlighting his country's “profound anti-colonial vocation”, he called for the restitution of sovereignty rights over the Chagos Archipelago and the Malvinas Islands to Mauritius and Argentina respectively.  The harmful effects of the United Kingdom’s colonialism persist across the world, as illustrated in the plunder of Guayana Esequiba. In December 2023, the people of his country expressed themselves by referendum, granting his Government the mandate to recover that territory, he said, adding that the United States and Guyana are threatening regional peace through the military presence of extraregional actors.

Drawing attention to the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures imposed by the United States and the European Union, he called for the unconditional lifting of all sanctions and blockades that are being enforced against more than one-third of humanity, including 30 million Venezuelans.  On 28 July, the people of his country elected President Nicolás Maduro for the 2025‑2031 term, he said, adding that several United States and European mercenaries were behind the post-election violence.  Such terrorist plots were being planned at the same time as negotiations between his country and the United States in Doha last year through which the two countries sought to move towards a normalization phase of relations. “This is further proof that the empire’s word and supposed goodwill cannot be trusted,” he said.  Despite that country’s psychological operations, he said, Venezuela enjoys peace and economic growth.  It is time for the Global South to consolidate a world of peace and economic prosperity, free of hegemonies, he said.

FREDERICK MAKAMURE SHAVA, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Zimbabwe, stressed that climate change’s devastating impact is “our common challenge” that requires collective action to enable vulnerable communities to adapt and mitigate.  Noting that an El Niño-induced drought has created serious food insecurity in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, he said that the Community’s Heads of State and Government launched an international appeal calling for $5.8 billion at the end of May 2024.  “That figure will go up,” he noted, as more countries in the region complete national assessments, but the overarching objective is to meet immediate needs occasioned by the drought while concurrently building resilience for future shocks — including through the establishment of early warning systems.  Detailing Zimbabwe’s efforts, he said its national 2030 Vision aims to propel the country to upper-middle-income status by that year through a focus on economic growth, sustainable development and holistic societal transformation.

This “strategic thrust”, he said, encompasses substantial investment in infrastructure, education, healthcare and agriculture to “ensure inclusive prosperity across all strata of society”.  Specifically, Zimbabwe’s agricultural model aims to bolster food security, enhance access to potable water and sanitation facilities and invest in renewable energy.  National social protection frameworks and healthcare systems have yielded “tangible” reductions in poverty and disease, he reported, also noting his country’s commitment to empowering women and youth as “architects of sustainable transformation and development”.  Also spotlighting national policy driven by the mantra of “leaving no one and no place behind”, he said this focuses on promoting grassroots development by empowering provincial and district authorities to “lead the way in fulfilling their development aspirations”.  He underscored, however, that Zimbabwe’s “valiant” developmental efforts are obstructed by the adverse impact of punitive, illegal, unilateral sanctions, calling on those who have imposed such measures to remove them immediately and unconditionally.

In that vein, he also called for the immediate lifting of the “stifling” embargo on Cuba to allow its people to pursue their aspirations without interference.  Additionally, Zimbabwe is committed to supporting the self-determination of the people of both Palestine and the Western Sahara.  “The time for mere rhetoric has long passed,” he urged, calling on the Security Council to fulfil its mandate by implementing robust measures that protect Palestinian civilians, uphold international law and facilitate a just, lasting peace.  He also noted that SADC countries are working “tirelessly” to achieving peace and security in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Cabo Delgado province of Mozambique.  And, on the international financial system — “an anachronistic construct” as it stands today — he said that the economies of developing nations are disproportionately affected by the rigid, often inequitable policies imposed by dominant financial institutions.  Thus, reform is needed.

Similarly, Security Council reform is “not just a matter of fairness, it is essential for ensuring that the Council’s decisions are inclusive, credible and truly reflect the global community’s diversity”, he said. In this context, Zimbabwe supports the African Union’s call for at least two permanent seats — with veto power — for African countries.  Also calling for a global digital governance framework to guard against the harmful consequences of otherwise transformative technology, he said that his country will contribute positively in all negotiations towards this end.  “Zimbabwe stands ready to collaborate with all Member States to ensure that our shared aspirations for a better world are realized,” he concluded.

RAMADHAN ABDALLA MOHAMMED GOC, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity of South Sudan, said despite progress in his country’s quest for lasting peace and political stability, a scarceness of resources has posed a challenge to full realization of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan.  Nevertheless, all parties to the peace accord are committed to consolidating the gains achieved so far as seen in the recent consensus to extend the general elections by 24 months to afford essential security sector mechanisms and elections-related institutions more time to fulfil their mandate.  He therefore called on the international community to ensure that “this new road map for a peaceful transition in South Sudan is met by availing the required financial and technical support for the process”.  Highlighting the Sudan conflict and its humanitarian fallout with over 800,000 refugees having fled to his country, he requested the global community to ramp up support for South Sudan as well as efforts to resolve the conflict.

Highlighting the devastating effects of climate change in South Sudan and on the African continent, he called for increased efforts towards adaptation, strongly urging developed countries “to exercise greater leadership by expanding their financial contribution to the required global mitigation and adaptation interventions, as trillions of dollars are needed annually to tackle the crisis and restore trust in the multilateral system”.  He enumerated women and youth inclusion, healthcare universality and affordability and education transformation as key objectives of his Government.  He lamented the existing Security Council sanctions and arms embargo on his country despite its and the African Union’s call that they be lifted, describing them as major impediments to South Sudan’s full realization of sustainable peace and security.

“As a country, we have experienced relative peace and stability for the last six years, and the continued imposition of these punitive measures is not reflective of the progress we have made so far,” he said. He proceeded to call for Security Council reform to make the 15‑member organ fit for purpose in “today’s global dynamics and realities”.  It should also be expanded to properly accommodate Africa’s concerns.

CELINDA SOSA LUNDA, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Bolivia, pointed out that the global economy is currently based on hoarding wealth in the hands of “but a few” and, while financial markets generate “huge profits for the 1 per cent of the global elite”, millions struggle to access the most basic resources.  “This crisis isn’t only economic,” she stressed — but ethical and social as well — as it highlights the deep structural rifts in a capitalist system that “prioritizes profit over life, welfare and Mother Earth”.  She also pointed to the “billions of dollars” spent to produce weapons while millions lack education, health, food and water.  And, while the environmental crisis is one of the greatest threats humanity faces, she stressed that, “still, our actions are falling short”.  Global warming, deforestation, pollution and biodiversity loss not only wreak havoc on ecosystems, but also directly impact the lives of millions as extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and hurricanes become ever more intense.

Urging decisive, collective action in the face of these crises, she said that it is “high time” to change development models and bolster multilateral institutions.  This, she stressed, requires a “root and branch reform” of institutions, such as the Security Council, so that they are more democratic and representative and so that global decisions reflect diversity and developing countries’ “various needs and visions”.  Further, the international financial architecture must be restructured to create fairer mechanisms for redistributing sovereign debt, increase developing countries’ participation and promote financial flows that can support sustainable development and climate action.  This must be accompanied by a redesigned mechanism for international tax cooperation so that the most vulnerable economies can access the resources necessary to address today’s many crises.  Additionally, rejecting unilateral coercive measures that hinder development, she expressed solidarity with Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua and “all countries that suffer unfairly” from these sanctions.

She went on to state that Palestinians have suffered, for decades, from a protracted conflict that has shaken regional stability. “Peace and security in Palestine will not be achieved without a genuine commitment to human rights and an end to the genocide,” she underscored, expressing support for Palestine’s self-determination, independence and full UN membership.  Also underlining the need for all States to abide by “all decisions and resolutions of the judicial organs of the international system”, she spotlighted the International Court of Justice case regarding sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean.  There, the Court urged Bolivia and Chile to resolve their issues through dialogue “so that Bolivia can have sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, which we had during our decision of independence as recognized by that very Court”, she noted. “Bolivia stands ready to engage in dialogue when our counterparts decide to follow suit,” she added.

She also underlined the importance of recognizing the contribution that Indigenous Peoples have made to climate action, stressing that their knowledge can support a “new model of development so we can live well in harmony with Mother Earth”.  Expressing concern over the negative reputation accorded to the coca leaf, she said that the plant is part of Indigenous Peoples’ community and culture. Further, she called for the promotion of gender equality with a focus on “decolonization and ridding ourselves of the patriarchy”, which will revolutionize social relations that have been “perpetuated under the hallmark of gender inequality and the oppression of our sisters”.  Finally, she expressed regret that domestic and external interference seeking to destabilize Bolivia’s democratically elected Government is plunging the country into turmoil, but said that — with international support — “Bolivia will stand firm”.