Small Island Developing Countries ‘Do Not Have the Luxury of Time’, Speaker Warns International Conference, Urging Action by States Which Caused Climate Change
As the Fourth International Conference on Small Island Developing States entered its third day, speakers from international organizations and entities reaffirmed support for those countries and exchanged ideas on how to assist them in building sustainable, climate-resilient economies and societies.
The four-day Conference, held at the confluence of the Caribbean and the Atlantic in Antigua and Barbuda, brings together Heads of States and Governments, as well as delegates from the United Nations system and civil society, to address the theme “Charting the Course Toward Resilient Prosperity”.
The representative of the World Bank Group noted that it is the largest provider of climate finance to developing countries; however, he acknowledged, international financial institutions can and must do better. He drew attention to the Group’s “crisis toolkit”, which offers greater access to “catastrophe financing” and new climate-resilient debt clauses.
Also speaking on financing, the representative of the United Nations Capital Development Fund pointed to microinsurance schemes that allow for fast claim payouts in the case of natural hazards, as well as the Global Fund for Coral Reefs which uses blended finance to unlock private investments in the blue economy.
Calling for enhanced official development assistance (ODA) and debt relief, the representative of the World Health Organization (WHO) recalled the impact of COVID-19 — compounded by geographical isolation and climate change — on small island developing States. In some such States, up to 90 per cent of food is imported, he pointed out, stressing the need for taxes and regulation to limit the impact of health-harming products, such as processed foods.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s representative noted that, since 2015, an additional 2.2 million people became chronically undernourished in these States. The organization is accelerating agrifood-system transitions through its flagship “Hand-in-Hand” initiative. Further, a dedicated FAO office for small island developing States, least developed countries and landlocked developing countries promotes cross-regional learning and knowledge exchange.
The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), said its representative, offers small island developing States a range of educational programmes on topics ranging from health to women’s leadership. “We have the most authoritative climate change learning programme,” which collates the wisdom of 38 United Nations entities, he said, adding that partnering with small island developing States is very much part of “UNITAR’s DNA”.
The representative of the International Renewable Energy Agency highlighted the “Energy Transition Accelerator Financing” platform, which develops a pipeline of bankable energy-transition projects and facilitates access to financing, while the representative of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) stressed the need for sustainable digital development and universal connectivity. In good news, he shared, small island developing States are global frontrunners in digital gender parity.
The Antigua and Barbuda Agenda’s demand for national and regional institutions to combat transnational crime and violence is at the very heart of her organization’s mandate, the representative of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) observed. Its Small Islands’ Lighthouse programme seeks to strengthen the security architecture of those States, she said, stressing the importance of countering environmental crimes. She also drew attention to the ID-Art Mobile Application, a digital documentation technology which can create detailed geotagged inventories of sites, such as, for instance, in the Maldives, where rising sea levels threaten to submerge ancient archaeological sites.
The representative of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction urged small island developing States to integrate hazard risk reduction into their development plans. His office supports capacity-building, he said, spotlighting the Secretary-General’s Early Warning for All Initiative. On a similar note, the representative of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies recalled the devastating cyclone in Vanuatu and said the international community must provide direct funding to local actors. Only 10 per cent of the financing for climate action and disaster risk reduction reaches them.
“SIDS do not have the luxury of time,” the representative of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) told delegates, as she expressed alarm about “the drawback of some in the international community from the ambition necessary to limit the increase in global temperatures”. Highlighting the request of an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice with respect to State obligations to tackle climate change, she said the countries that caused climate change need to reduce their emissions.
“A good leader, like rain, stills the ocean,” said Surangel Whipps Jr., President of Palau, citing a proverb from his country, which was the first to ratify the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. He called on all countries to ratify that text, reminding them that like rain, it isn’t a single drop that stills the ocean; rather, it is many, many droplets. “We need a monsoon” of sustained effort, funding and commitment, he said.
General Debate
SURANGEL WHIPPS JR., President of Palau, citing a proverb from his country, said “a good leader, like rain, stills the ocean.” Climate change issues are evocative of an ocean squall, he said, pointing to the sea level rise that threatens island shores, the storm surges that have encroached lands and polluted the aquifers, and the hot, warming ocean that has bleached corals and impacted livelihoods. However, the ocean also promises many solutions, he said, noting that his country was the first to ratify the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction, also known as the High Seas Biodiversity Treaty. He called on all countries to ratify that text, so that the international community can reach the threshold of 60 countries for it to enter into force.
The high seas comprise 64 per cent of the global ocean, he said, also stressing the need to tackle unregulated deep-sea mining. It is essential to put a moratorium on that until a regulatory framework is set with science-backed evidence. He also pointed to regional endeavours, such as the “Unlocking Blue Pacific Prosperity”, in which 16 Pacific nations came together and agreed to conserve at least 30 per cent of their land and sea, in line with the Kunming Montreal Biodiversity Framework. The Pacific had the political will to make this investment for the entire word, but they must be adequately resourced to make this a reality. Inaction has a cost, he said, calling for support from the Global North for the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for small island developing States. Like rain, it isn’t a single drop that stills the ocean, it is many, many droplets, he said, underscoring: “We need a monsoon” of sustained effort, funding and commitment.
The representative of Sweden highlighted key points represented by three words — “urgency”, “opportunity” and “collaboration”. Sweden aims to be climate neutral by 2045 at the latest, encouraging other countries to beat hers in the race to climate neutrality. Sweden is also a leading climate finance donor, committed to increasing its climate-related official development assistance (ODA). However, to reach the scale of finance needed for the green transition, development cooperation must be truly catalytic and mobilize more private capital. “Official development assistance will never be enough,” he pointed out, underlining the need to reduce risks and increase incentives for the private sector to invest in a green transition and provide decent work opportunities. He went on to stress the need to enhance the efficiency of the international financial system to achieve the green transition, welcoming new tools, such as the World Bank’s climate resilience debt clause and the progress made on the UN multi-vulnerability index. Protecting the ocean and marine ecosystems and advancing sustainably produced blue food is vital in the fight against climate change. Sweden is proud to have pushed for the importance of the ocean in the climate change negotiation process and to be a founding member of the “Friends of Ocean and Climate” group. It is also proud to have hosted, together with Fiji, the first UN Ocean Conference.
The representative of the Solomon Islands pointed out that the Pacific Islands region has “the largest and healthiest stocks of tuna in the world”. In 2022, the value of tuna catches taken by the national fleets of members of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency was $1.8 billion. “This highlights the significance of tuna fisheries to the Pacific Islands region in sustaining the livelihoods of Pacific peoples and strengthening economic recovery,” she said. In recognition of the unique opportunity that fisheries provide to the economies of small island developing States, she reported that her Government will hold a summit on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14.4 in Honiara in early 2025, focusing on sustainable management of fishery resources. She also stressed that addressing sea-level rise, ocean acidification, frequent flash flooding and intense cyclones “keeps us in constant recovery mode” as “runaway climate change” increases vulnerabilities. Economic resilience, she added, will depend on access to affordable financing and “transformative partnerships to translate ideas into actions”.
The representative of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies said that his organization is the world’s largest humanitarian network and has witnessed how small island developing States suffer climate change impacts, including a devastating cyclone in Vanuatu. The International Federation immediately sent funds to scale up relief action. However, the impacts of such a disaster on the island nation will be felt for a long time and rebuilding will take a long time. “The reality of Vanuatu is all too common,” he said, stressing the importance of the “Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS” to be adopted at this conference. Underlining how the International Federation supports capacity-building in those countries, he emphasized the need to provide direct funding to local actors because only 10 per cent of the financing for climate action and disaster risk reduction reaches them.
The representative of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) said the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda clearly recognizes that security underpins the unique vulnerabilities of small island developing States. The document’s focus on peaceful and safe societies, and its call for “national and regional institutions to combat transnational crime and violence”, is at the very heart of her organization’s mandate. Highlighting its Small Islands’ Lighthouse programme, which seeks to strengthen the security architecture of those States, she said its three pillars will offer a combination of technical assistance, capacity-building and operational support. Stressing the importance of countering environmental crimes, such as illegal logging and waste dumping in the Caribbean, she said strengthening law enforcement capabilities is essential to protect natural resources. The Lighthouse programme will also help island States safeguard their large exclusive economic zones and protect their culture. For instance, in the Maldives, where rising sea levels threaten to submerge ancient archaeological sites, digital documentation technologies, like INTERPOL’s ID-Art Mobile Application, can create detailed geotagged inventories of sites, she said.
The representative of the International Renewable Energy Agency said that small island developing States’ “exemplary leadership” has been “clearly reflected” in the accelerated deployment of renewable-energy solutions, even amidst recurrent natural disaster, geopolitical complexity and global crisis. Prioritizing such States’ unique vulnerabilities is critical for global energy-transition efforts, and this demands a “revolutionary” approach to financing, he stressed. For its part, the Agency provides support through the “Energy Transition Accelerator Financing” platform, developing a pipeline of bankable energy-transition projects and facilitating their access to financing. Acknowledging the “remarkable” progress made by small island developing States, he said that partnerships — such as the “SIDS Lighthouses Initiative” — allow nations to forge collaboration and share best practices in this area. “Let us stand together in support of these resilient island economies as they continue to pave the way towards a future that is both sustainable and prosperous,” he urged.
The representative of the Pacific Islands Forum said that the “journey of small island developing States in the Pacific is marked by resilience and hope”. “Despite challenges, our spirit remains unbroken,” he said, noting that the Forum will work closely with other actors to take the “Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS” forward in the next critical decade for development and resilience. Economic resilience is vital to the survival of small island developing States in the region, he observed, stressing the need to link them to global markets and supply chains. He then sought assistance, including financing and technology transfers, to help these countries realize the visions laid out in the Forum’s 2050 strategy.
The representative of the Commonwealth, noting that small States are acutely exposed to exogenous shocks, pointed to how climate disasters destroy lives, livelihoods and development prospects. The damage of these shocks is deepened by limited fiscal space, with a very high average debt to gross domestic product (GDP) ratio. Her organization’s Climate Finance Access Hub has unlocked more than $350 million in vital resource for the most vulnerable. Also drawing attention to the Living Lands Charter and the Blue Charter, she noted that it was Commonwealth countries that helped to lead the charge for a breakthrough on loss and damage. Further, the Commonwealth’s Meridian Management System is used by 50 countries to manage a combined portfolio of $2.5 trillion of public debt. Stressing the need for more innovative solutions, such as debt-for-nature swaps and pooled insurance, she said the Commonwealth will harness the collective power of its 56 countries and the ingenuity of one third of the world’s population.
The representative of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) noted that its support to small island developing States is guided by two strategic goals — “universal connectivity” and “sustainable digital development”. Welcoming progress made in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector since the adoption of the Samoa Pathway, he reported that the share of people in such States using the Internet has risen from 33 to 67 per cent. Further, such States have nearly achieved digital gender parity, global frontrunners in this context. “Yet, disparities exist within and among small island States,” he said, noting that only 44 per cent of rural citizens are connected, only 63 per cent of citizens are subscribed to mobile broadband and only 10 per cent to fixed broadband. Stressing that “this worries us”, he said that numerous studies have documented broadband’s positive impact on economic growth. “Partnerships work”, he said against that backdrop, spotlighting ITU’s “Partner2Connect Digital Coalition”, which has attracted $50 billion in pledges.
The representative of Comoros recalled outcome documents adopted at previous conferences on small island developing States in 1994, 2004 and 2014, welcoming progress made while noting that “we have a long way to go to achieve the goals we set.” He urged the developed world to support small island developing States on their path to sustainable development. In that regard, the role of the United Nations and the private sector is crucial to allow them to strengthen their national capacity and reduce their debt burden, he said, calling for robust international partnerships. “SIDS should feel supported” when leaving this conference, he said. Citing the Moroni Declaration for Ocean and Climate Action in Africa, he stressed the need to protect the continent from the impacts of climate change and natural hazards by strengthening local coastal and island communities.
The representative of the World Health Organization (WHO), recalling how the impact of COVID-19 on small island developing States was compounded by their geographical isolation and climate change, said it is necessary to expand access to financing to strengthen health and social protection systems in those States. Highlighting the importance of enhanced ODA, debt relief and financial and technical support for research, development and innovation programmes, he also pointed to the disproportionately high burden of non-communicable diseases and mental health conditions. Calling for taxes and regulation to limit the impact of health harming products, including highly processed foods, he noted that in some small island developing States, up to 90 per cent of food is imported. Equally crucial is the need to improve health emergency preparedness and strengthen the resilience of their health sectors to better cope with epidemics, pandemics and climate-induced emergencies.
The representative of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) said that it is committing €13.7 million over 2024-2025 to assist 26 small island developing States in the Caribbean, Pacific and Africa regions through the implementation of technical cooperation projects. He also spotlighted the “Rays of Hope” initiative, which builds capacity towards the early detection of pathogens and the early diagnosis of non-communicable diseases. Further, IAEA is building States’ capacity to use nuclear science to monitor and generate data on ocean acidification. Turning to food systems, he detailed “Atoms4Food”, a joint initiative between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and IAEA that supports small island developing States in increasing crop yields and making use of soil, water and fertilizer more efficient. These and other IAEA initiatives and commitments can be considered “seed funds”, he said, “instrumental for the achievement of results that could be greater and even more sustainable if we can join forces, mobilize more resources and leverage the opportunities offered by our innovative solutions”.
The representative of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) highlighted how the entity supports small island developing States in building technical capacity. A recent project in Jamaica has provided training to 30 women entrepreneurs in leveraging intellectual property in their businesses in sectors like agribusiness and cosmetics. Based on its success, it is extending to Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. WIPO initiated a groundbreaking project in Antigua and Barbuda, focusing on creating a collective mark for Barbuda logwood honey and Antigua multifloral honey, he said, also citing projects in Africa and the Pacific.
The representative of the Secretariat of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, drew attention to the persistent problem posed by pollution on small island developing States. Lead contamination, organic pollution and waste management must be addressed to ensure the safety and health of people in these States. Pollution also impacts biodiversity, he said, adding that management of hazardous chemicals can significantly contribute to tackling climate change. “We have heard it loud and clear,” he said, adding that while human-induced climate change poses a serious risk, pollution is also affecting health and livelihoods. A sick population cannot go to work,” he said, and it cannot be resilient. The Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions have the common objective of protecting human health from chemicals and waste pollution. Their implementation contributes to preservation of biodiversity, battling climate change and sustainable development. The Secretariat is committed to assisting parties and all stakeholders to chart a course towards resilience and prosperity and ensuring a pollution-free planet, he said.
The representative of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recalled that it launched, in November 2023, a “SIDS operational strategy” for the 2023-2029 period, which is “already bearing fruit”. Its first focus is education, he said, “because knowledge is the first step towards action”. At a time when only half of national curricula refer to climate change, UNESCO is committed to placing environmental education at the head of education policies in all small island developing States. “We are already doing this in the Maldives,” he reported, where UNESCO is working to make schools “climate ready” through the “Greening Education Partnership”. It also supports such States’ efforts to reduce disaster risk, working to prepare communities for tsunamis and other ocean hazards. “When it comes to building climate resilience, SIDS have many lessons to share with the world,” he added, underlining the crucial role played by local and Indigenous knowledge, systems and culture in conserving marine biodiversity.
The representative of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change stressed that small island developing States are on the front line of the fight against climate change. Despite contributing to such phenomena the least, they bear the brunt of its impacts, he said, underlining the need to “correct course” and make it “everyone’s agenda”. Small island developing States are also leaders in climate adaptation. In that regard, finance is critical, he stressed, urging everyone to act on promises. Unless all existing goals are met, “new goals sound hollow”, he said. He also called for the suspension and reduction of existing debt of small island developing States. Grants must be given to those who can put the money to the best use. “Your efforts have not gone unnoticed,” he said, calling on everyone to “move in the same direction and in tandem” while inviting the private sector to join these efforts. The Framework Convention is working hard to empower small island developing States and increase their ambition to “bring everyone who can help you on board”, he emphasized.
The representative of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) said that while her collective of low-lying and coastal States does not occupy a huge area and the population is only 20 million, “we are known for our warm and hospitable spirt.” Whether as athletes or scientists or political leaders, its people are punching above their weight. Stressing the need to assist Haiti navigate the path to peace and development, she said that small island developing States are at the front line of the triple planetary crisis. Recalling the record-breaking 2017 hurricane season which charted a path of destruction across her region, she said that the Caribbean Climate Outlook Forum predicted near-record heat for the region in 2024. Prolonged droughts and fires, sea-level rise, salination of aquifers and land degradation are among the many challenges facing them, she said, pointing to the social instability caused by this.
Expressing alarm about “the drawback of some in the international community from the ambition necessary to limit the increase in global temperatures”, she pointed to the request of an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice with respect to State obligations to tackle climate change. Also stressing the importance of the Bridgetown initiative which proposes a reform of the financial architecture, she said the region remains invested and committed to the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda. The United Nations system and international community must ensure that small island developing States are able to advance programmes and policies that protect them. “SIDS do not have the luxury of time,” she said, adding that the countries that caused climate change need to reduce their emissions.
The representative of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) said that the triple planetary crisis — climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution — is both a threat to sustainable development and inherently unjust. Some nations have the resources to soften the blows, others suffer their full force. “SIDS are in this latter category,” she observed. While such States have acted by establishing marine protected areas, restoring habitats, fostering sustainable blue economies and spearheading inclusive approaches to climate action, the special circumstances they face “means special support is required”, she said. For its part, UNEP will put its knowledge, tools and platforms — “on everything from nature-based solutions to catalysing private-sector finance” — at such States’ disposal. This will build on UNEP’s existing, impactful work, which includes a climate-change-adaptation portfolio that is investing over $150 million. Further, UNEP is delivering over $35.9 million in the Caribbean alone to address wastewater, nutrients, chemicals and plastics, as well as $75.6 million to build sustainable blue ocean economies.
The representative of the International Labour Organization (ILO) detailed how the entity is helping small island developing States to overcome their challenges. He stressed the importance of leveraging private finance to bring about transformation. ILO cooperates with Governments, the private sector and social partners to enable a just transition by generating jobs and decent work. More equitable income distribution is key, he said, citing social justice that entails bolstering access to fundamental necessities, such as food, education and health. Led by the ILO, the Global Coalition for Social Justice fosters multilateral cooperation and can make a significant contribution to accelerating progress towards the SDGs in small island developing States.
The representative of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), citing its 2024 State of World Population report, pointed to enduring inequalities, affecting young people, women and girls, persons with disabilities, or those residing in the most isolated outer islands. Many small island developing States have more than 50 per cent of their population below 25 years of age; this holds enormous potential to unlock the demographic and gender dividend. However, brain drain, population ageing, climate change, high adolescent pregnancy rates, maternal deaths, youth unemployment, crime and gender-based violence remain as obstacles, he said. Highlighting the Fund’s “strategic leverage of population dynamics through data-driven and evidence-based policy interventions”, he said that by harnessing the power of robust data, it is possible to identify strategic investments in key sectors such as health care, education, employment and social protection systems. Ensuring access to sexual and reproductive health, addressing gender-based violence and facilitating family planning are critical as well, he said, adding that these services not only empower women and girls to make informed choices about their reproductive health but also contribute to broader societal resilience and development.
The representative of the World Bank Group, spotlighting its new vision to “end poverty on a liveable planet”, said that it has provided over $38 billion in climate finance over the last fiscal year. “We are now the largest provider of climate finance to developing countries,” he observed, adding that the Group is aligning all new financing with the goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change. Further, in recognition of small island developing States’ special vulnerability, the International Development Association (IDA) allows such States “access to some of our most affordable funds”, he reported. Stressing, however, that international financial institutions can do better, he detailed the Group’s efforts to this end. Its “crisis toolkit” offers “substantial new benefits to SIDS”, he said, including greater access to “catastrophe financing” and new climate-resilient debt clauses. He also spotlighted IDA — the primary source of financing for such States — and stressed that the “deep concessionality that IDA offers has never been more important”.
The representative of the World Tourism Organization stressed that tourism is a key economic sector for small island developing States, representing 11 per cent of their GDP. Highlighting how the tourism industry has recovered from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, she said that the sector’s growth is outpacing the global economic trend. This recovery must lead to sustainable tourism that puts people and the planet at the centre. Stressing the need to diversify industries by developing gastronomy and manufacturing sectors towards a more resilient economy, she said that such transformation in turn makes small island developing States more attractive. Tourism must be integrated into their national development strategy, she said, adding: “The convergence of the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda and COP29 [the twenty-ninth UN Climate Change Conference] is creating a new momentum for small island developing States.”
The representative of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) said it is poised to exponentially increase its assistance for small island developing States. Highlighting a range of educational programmes on a variety of topics, he pointed to the Institute’s collaboration with WHO to provide health courses, as well as its “water academy”. Over 500 women from the Pacific small island developing States region have taken courses on women’s leadership on hazard risk reduction. Reaffirming commitment to a just energy transition, he said “we have the most authoritative climate change learning programme”, which collates the wisdom of 38 United Nations entities. Further, the Institute is translating data on plastic into actionable policies and has launched a platform for inclusive ocean management where coastal people can share their experiences on this. Partnering with small island developing States is very much part of “UNITAR’s DNA”, he said.
The representative of the United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation, noting that it provides policy orientation for UN entities to ensure a coherent approach to South-South policy, said that it has been a “vital supporter of SIDS through SDG-aligned initiatives”. Such States, she said, have benefited most from the “India, Brazil and South Africa Fund” and the “India-UN Development Partnership Fund” — both managed by the Office. These initiatives have channelled over $55.5 million into 63 projects across over 30 small island developing States, supporting sustainable development at various levels. Detailing future action by the Office, she said it stands ready to support strengthening such States’ capacity through the “Centre of Excellence” by identifying, evaluating and documenting successful development solutions and technologies from the Global South. Further, pointing out that “geography is no barrier to collaboration” in the digital age, she said the Office will enhance platforms for cooperation on science, technology and innovation.
The representative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) said that “if we cannot deliver economic diversification, climate, digital and financial answers in SIDS, we cannot deliver them anywhere”. Detailing the entity’s renewed offer to small island developing States, “SIDS Rising 2.0”, which mirrors the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda, he said that UNDP is rolling out support to drive forward blue and green economies — focused on nature-based solutions in tourism, the food sector and urban development. Together with the Global Environment Facility, UNDP has just announced a $135 million programme on the blue and green economies for 15 small island developing States. On digital transformations, UNDP is a lead agency on building digital capacities on the ground and will expand that pledge across small island developing States, he said, noting that its SIDS Data Platform has consolidated a comprehensive data set, which will be vital to inform the future of development in those countries.
The representative of the International Trade Centre (ITC), paying tribute to the literary, scientific and athletic talent of the Caribbean, highlighted the many Nobel Prizes given to the region’s gifted people. “To survive in SIDS, people must innovate every day,” he pointed out, adding that there is no question about their resilience. Stressing that well-defined trade strategies are key, he said that they must prioritize small businesses. Calling for a whole-of-Government approach, he noted the heavy reliance on a small number of exports and underscored that regional collaboration and strong regional markets are crucial. Data must drive the decisions that policymakers take, he said, adding that food security is a crucial element. Promoting better agricultural and fishery practices can help with food security, he pointed out, adding that his organization stands ready to support the small businesses of small island developing States.
The representative of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) noted that, since 2015, an additional 2.2 million people became chronically undernourished in small island developing States — a 23 per cent increase over the last seven years. Further, 46 per cent of such States’ population is moderately or severely food insecure, and the cost of a healthy diet in such States is 23 per cent higher than the global average. Underlining the “urgency to act”, she recalled that FAO launched a global road map at the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference aimed at uniting different stakeholders to “ensure good food for all, for today and tomorrow”. Additionally, FAO’s dedicated office for small island developing States, least developed countries and landlocked developing countries promotes cross-regional learning and knowledge exchange. While it will contribute to all areas of the “Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS”, she spotlighted FAO’s support to 12 small island developing States in accelerating agrifood-system transitions through its flagship “Hand-in-Hand” initiative.
The representative of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction urged small island developing States to integrate hazard risk reduction into their development plans so that they are informed about such risks and ensure that disasters do not increase the existing risks. This is in line with the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction. Welcoming the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS, he said that his office supports these countries in building capacity to implement the Secretary-General’s Early Warning for All Initiative and minimizing climate-related loss and damage. However, the current level of funding for disaster risk reduction is inadequate, he said, joining the Secretary-General’s call for developed countries to fulfil their pledges to double adaptation financing by 2025.
BALARABE ABBAS LAWAL, Minister for Environment of Nigeria, said the sustainable development of all small island developing States is deeply at risk due to climate change and loss of biodiversity. The increased frequency of extreme weather events and sea-level rise pose a threat to livelihoods and culture. Stressing the need to build resilience, he expressed solidarity with these States, and encouraged them to consider the many opportunities they have to move towards a greener economy, including by harnessing wind and solar energy. While national efforts are important, broader global issues call for collective action in environmental stewardship, he said, adding that this applies to fields such as building sea defences and developing early warning systems. Collaboration with international financial institutions and the private sector is crucial, he said, noting small island developing States’ heavy reliance in external markets and tourism. Also underscoring the need for access to concessional financing, he called for tailored financial mechanisms and stronger regional partnerships.
RAÚL LI CAUSI, Vice-Minister for the Caribbean of Venezuela, said that the developing world is facing “huge challenges” to achieve sustainable development, including climate change, food and energy crises, environmental degradation and macroeconomic inequality. Powerful countries are the “main plunderers and beneficiaries of our resources”, he stressed, calling for international cooperation and solidarity — especially in the context of the Caribbean, which also suffers from this “economic voracity”. Further, developed countries must meet their commitments and assume their long-standing responsibilities, particularly regarding means of implementation for adaptation and mitigation and financing for the loss and damage fund. Also underlining the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on small island developing States, he said they undermine national development efforts and “other elements vital for countries of the Global South to achieve our national development plans”. He therefore called for the complete, immediate and unconditional lifting of the “so-called sanctions” applied against Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela.
The representative of Brazil said that the priorities set out by her country’s G20 presidency — just energy transition, poverty and hunger eradication and global governance reform — are fully in line with the new Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS, encouraging small island developing States to engage wholeheartedly in initiatives to be launched under its G20 presidency, including the Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty and the Call to Action on Global Governance Reform. Her country has decided to nominate Leticia Carvalho in elections for the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority. Brazil is recognized for its human and technological capacities in exploring and exploiting deep-sea resources. Brazil and the Association of Caribbean States have finished drafting an agreement on technical cooperation, due to be signed in July 2024. The initiatives encompass areas of interest to the Caribbean region, such as the commercial use of seaweed, sustainable tourism and risk and disaster management.
The representative of Switzerland, highlighting several of the challenges that small island developing States are facing, stressed the importance of disaster risk reduction. Expressing concern about the lack of funding, she underscored that “this should be a top priority”. Small island developing States and least developed countries need to build resilience because of their vulnerability to natural hazards. Her country has sought to bolster resilience through the Climate Risk and Early Warning initiative, she said, adding that it is seeking to help vulnerable States develop the capacity to identify climate and meteorology risks and respond quickly and effectively. Preparing and responding promptly can significantly decrease the economic impact of extreme climate events. She also highlighted the work of the Santiago Network, which is headquartered in her country and stressed the need to exchange best practices.
The representative of the International Union for Conservation of Nature said that small island developing States — despite challenges — note gains, learn lessons and acknowledge “the value of our strength as a collective in charting the course towards resilient prosperity”. Underscoring, however, that “biodiversity loss is irreversible”, she urged immediate integration of climate action, biodiversity conservation and island-ecosystems restoration for “our thriving island economies that are largely dependent on our pristine environment for livelihoods and growth”. Revitalizing those economies, she continued, requires innovative strategies that “leverage our strengths and natural assets”. Further, traditional aid modalities must evolve to embrace inclusive, adaptive approaches that recognize the lived realities of small island developing States and allow for responsive, contextualized interventions to address the needs and priorities of their people. “Let us not forget the custodians of traditional knowledge,” she added, “for they hold the innovation, creativity and practices that provide local solutions to our global problems”.
GERD MÜLLER, Director General of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), highlighted the need for multi-billion dollar investment in green and blue economies. “There must be a clear signal” of support from the industrialized countries to deliver on their goal of devoting 0.7 per cent of gross national income to ODA. They must also deliver on the pledges to operationalize the loss and damage fund. The industrialized nations are responsible for 80 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions, but only 1.5 per cent of global ODA is invested in small island developing States. Highlighting an agreement to establish a UNIDO-Barbados Global SIDS Hub for Sustainable Development, he said that it will deliver technical assistance to increase the resilience of small island developing States, support their economic diversification and promote investment in them, particularly in the blue economy and digital and green solutions. It will also support the SIDS Centre of Excellence to be established in Antigua and Barbuda.
The representative of the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), stressing the importance of strengthening productive capacities, noted that this includes natural and human capital, energy and infrastructure. It is important to model sustainable infrastructure, he said, stressing that UNOPS stands ready to assist in the implementation of the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda. It can provide fund and grant management expertise to support States in their climate action. It will also assist small island developing States to address loss and damage through the Santiago Network. It is crucial to ensure that such States undergo a profound digital transformation to better serve their remote communities. “The focus of the new Agenda on revitalizing economies, investing in social development, managing disaster risk and preserving environmental integrity speaks of the SIDS’ determination to secure a future for their people,” he said.
The representative of the World Food Programme (WFP) observed that acute hunger is at “record levels” post-pandemic. Conflict, the climate crisis and economic shocks have generated an “unremitting” demand for humanitarian assistance, and he added that small island developing States have unique vulnerabilities that place their populations at increased risk of food insecurity and malnutrition. In English- and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries, 43 per cent of people face food insecurity. Further, with El Niño altering global weather patterns and the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season “expected to be one of the worst on record”, he underscored: “SIDS need urgent support.” For its part, WFP is working with regional Governments to preposition food and distribute anticipatory cash, also setting up a hub in Barbados to effectively mobilize supplies. He added that WFP supports long-term development in Haiti, Cuba and the Dominican Republic by providing school-meal and nutrition programmes and expanding the market for smallholder farmers.
The representative of the World Trade Organization (WTO) highlighted the entity’s critical role in the multilateral trade system. Despite the pandemic, raging conflicts and other global challenges, trade has continued to grow. WTO delivered concrete results, including for small island developing States. WTO implements capacity-building programmes to enable small island developing States to access global markets and economies. He said the unique challenges of small island developing States, such as remoteness and smallness, hinder access to global markets, highlighting the benefits of its Aid for Trade programme. Digital technology can also scale up the economy. WTO stands ready to accompany small island developing States in implementing the new Agenda.
The representative of the United Nations Capital Development Fund, describing her organization as a “catalytic financing entity with a focus on LDCs [least developed countries] and SIDS,” said it combines grantmaking and technical assistance with financing expertise. The Fund uses a variety of instruments including loans, guarantees and blended finance funds, she said. Reaffirming commitment to providing tailored financing solutions for the implementation of the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda, she said building economic resilience means promoting financial inclusion and the development of digital economies. Working with various partners, the Fund has enabled more than 1,000,000 people in the Pacific to use digital financial services and e-commerce solutions. It also works with specific private insurance firms to develop innovative “parametric microinsurance schemes” that allow for fast claim payouts in the case of natural hazards. Further, the Global Fund for Coral Reefs, which is managed by the Fund, is a “first class example of how blended finance can unlock more private investments for the blue economy”, she said.
The representative of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) underlined the collective responsibility to address the unique challenges faced by small island developing States, such as the impact of climate change, remoteness, economic vulnerabilities, limited resources and recovery from COVID-19. Children in small island developing States bear the heaviest burden, having their homes and communities threatened by natural hazards. However, “within these challenges lie opportunities”, he pointed out, highlighting the resilience of children there. He underscored the need to support the development of climate-resilient policies and expand climate financing. Further, it is crucial to transform the education sector and ensure that essential services — such as education and health, social protection and water, sanitation and hygiene — are always accessible, even after disasters and emergencies.
The representative of the International Science Council, speaking for the Scientific and Technological Community Major Group, said that small island developing States can leverage data and digital technologies to enhance resilience, overcome geographical barriers, improve access to critical information and facilitate collaboration. A data-driven approach enables timely, informed decision-making, she emphasized — “crucial for mitigating the existential threats posed by climate change”. Also underlining the need to strengthen scientific institutions in such States, she said this would provide the necessary infrastructure and expertise to collect, analyse and disseminate data. “Scientists require good data quality,” she added, underlining the resultant need for both interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary inputs to identify effective solutions to challenges faced by small island developing States. Participatory approaches, she observed, ensure that initiatives align with the unique needs and values of local populations and enhance the feasibility, sustainability, equity and cultural acceptability of solutions.
The representative of the Pacific Disability Forum said that according to WHO, an estimated 1.3 billion people, or 16 per cent of the global population, have a disability. The next 10 years is critical for small island developing States. However, there is no one-size-fit-all approach. People with disabilities are among the most marginalized groups, he said, calling for more funding and disaggregate data for this group. “We can no longer work in siloes,” he said.
The representative of the Caribbean Natural Resources Institute presented his organization’s position paper “The Caribbean We Want: Civil Society Recommendations for Transformative Pathways to Caribbean Sustainable Development”, which outlines key recommendations including optimizing the contribution of civil society and incorporating environmental justice at all levels of Government. The important of role of civil society cannot be understated in climate justice as it amplifies the voices of marginalized people while providing innovative solutions on the ground. The report also recommends policy and legislative reform and encourages more support for locally owned businesses that drive poverty reduction. A whole of society approach will be necessary to achieve a green, just and prosperous future for small island developing States, he said.
The representative of the Pacific Islands Association of Non-Governmental Organisations, a network of civil society organizations across 24 Pacific island countries, called for mechanisms to ensure citizens’ participation in policy and budget discussions. The bold and innovative partnerships that the Agenda calls for should be based on transparency, collaboration and accountability. Civil society organizations are often not considered legitimate partners, and their roles in delivering sustainable development are sometimes under-valued, she said, adding that the implementation of the Agenda must move beyond token discussion to multisectoral participation. Capacity-building and financing must include civil society, she stressed.
The representative of the International Programme on the State of the Ocean said: “We are at a critical time to take action on the conservation and preservation of the high seas.” The ocean is central to the livelihood, culture and identity of small island developing States. The High Seas Treaty offers a landmark opportunity for Governments to forge even more productive partnerships with non-governmental and community-based organizations, private enterprises, Indigenous Peoples and local communities to help drive sustainable blue economy development and contribute to climate action, she observed, stressing the need to protect healthy and functioning marine ecosystems.
The representative of the Stockholm Environment Institute said that the traditional single-use infrastructure approach “has never been entirely suitable for SIDS”. Further, as the climate changes, large centralized systems cannot address current multifaceted challenges. She therefore urged the adoption of a “new, diversified and multifunctional infrastructure paradigm” that ensures a sustainable blue economy, enhances climate resilience and better conforms to such States’ size, remoteness and dispersed populations. “Multifunctionality” means ensuring structures can be used by various sectors to generate multiple benefits, she said, spotlighting the principles of “mobility” — to easily move the service where it is needed — and “modularity”, to avoid long and costly megaprojects that, by the time they are built, are no longer sufficient. She added that “multifunctionality” can help maximize the resilience of critical infrastructure, reduce capital expenditure and distribute operational expenditure more effectively through the sharing of services, costs and data.
The representative of the International Institute for Environment and Development said that over 70 per cent of small island developing States are nearing or already in debt distress. Many of them need further new borrowing, he said, highlighting that the Institute has led the design of the “Global SIDS Debt Sustainability Support Service”, a part of the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda. This service is built on four interconnected pillars that foster a new financial compact to help those countries escape the vicious debt spiral, such as strategic layering of debt relief measures including pause clauses, debt restructuring, reprofiling and debt swaps.
The representative of the Overseas Development Institute welcomed the creation of the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda, stressing that the international community must not lose sight of its goals after the Conference. There is no time to lose while multiple crises and climate change tipping points are sure to be breached in the future. To that end, the Institute’s resilient and sustainable island initiative charts the course for resilient prosperity by facilitating conversations including the first-ever “SIDS Future Forum”. The Agenda will require a new knowledge architecture, including a research and education network providing capacity-building as well as a “State of SIDS” report. With these tools, course correction can take place in real time.
The representative of the Integrated Health Outreach highlighted the pivotal role of civil society in amplifying the voices of the most affected by development challenges. She called on States to collectively ensure that discussions do not remain at this conference but “turn into tangible action”. Vulnerable and marginalized groups remain most at risk of the impact of economic shocks within small island developing States. Accordingly, she underscored the need to foster an inclusive environment and create avenues for women’s economic empowerment through dedicated opportunities, skills training, education and small business financing. Further, she urged States to adopt anti-discrimination laws and policies and invest in climate resilience infrastructure.
The representative of the Foundation for Development Planning said that civil society represents “untapped potential” in the effort to achieve just, sustainable development in small island developing States. While that potential is not reflected in the “Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS”, it can be realized through actions taken in pursuit of the Agenda’s goal of resilient prosperity. Asking what would constitute a suitable development model for “the unique conditions of small, highly vulnerable and somewhat-isolated communities”, he stressed that any consideration of resilience or sustainability must “necessarily” address the extractive nature of current economic strategies and the need to maintain the integrity of communities. Stating that transition to a more prosperous, sustainable and just society requires concerted action by all of society, he urged Governments and development partners to “embrace civil society” and mobilize them as “full partners in the development process”.
The representative of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said that a climate crisis is a humanitarian crisis. Extreme weather events are happening more frequently, she said, noting that her office sees huge increases for appeals for emergency assistance. The scale of devastation in small island developing States is immense, with an estimated $153 billion in losses attributed to weather extremes over the past five decades. Her office is working to create a humanitarian system fit for future climate challenges. Since its establishment some 20 years ago, the Central Emergency Response Fund has allocated $2.4 billion for response to climate hazards and has invested $134 million across 13 small island developing States. The Fund is the largest source of prearranged funding for anticipatory action.
The representative of the Green Climate Fund stressed that her organization hears the call for a new financial architecture that is fit for purpose for small island developing States. To that end, the fund prioritizes half of its adaptation resources to them, landlocked developing countries and Africa, making no distinction based on income when granting. However, many of the concerned countries spend more on debt servicing than they do on climate response, often because of external shocks such as the war in Ukraine. While a new financial architecture is needed, her fund is exploring a “Debt for Climate” swap scheme. The Green Climate fund is committed to working with small island developing States and relevant partners to achieve a system fit for purpose and to the scale of the crisis facing the international community, she said.