INCREASE IN SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN ATTRIBUTED TO GROWTH IN TOURISM IN THIRD COMMITTEE DEBATE ON CHILD RIGHTS

12 November 1996

Press Release
GA/SHC/3386

INCREASE IN SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN ATTRIBUTED TO GROWTH IN TOURISM IN THIRD COMMITTEE DEBATE ON CHILD RIGHTS

19961112 Speakers Stress Legal Measures, International Cooperation Against Child Prostitution, Military Recruitment

The alarming increase in the sexual exploitation of children around the world was attributable to the growth of international tourism, according to the representative of Thailand, as the Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) this afternoon continued its discussion of promotion and protection of the rights of children. The root causes of the problem lay in global demand and local supply and both sides of the problem must be tackled simultaneously through close international cooperation, he continued. States should criminalize the acts of their nationals who were involved in sex tourism in other countries. Sweden and Belgium had laws and regulations to punish their citizens involved with illegal child prostitutes while abroad. The practice of recruiting and training children under the age of eighteen to fight in armed conflicts was strongly condemned by several delegates. The representative of Sri Lanka said in his country, terrorist groups had recruited children to fight in their campaigns and had referred to child soldiers as "baby brigades". It was time the international community addressed the problem not only through universal condemnation but also by demanding that lawless groups stop "devouring the innocent". The representative of Cuba said ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child alone was not enough to protect children. More decisive efforts were needed to counteract discriminatory practices such as the legislation in some areas which denied children access to basic education and health services -- in flagrant violation of their human rights -- simply because they were the children of immigrants. Statements were also made by Australia, Romania, Senegal, Brazil, Kenya, China, Ecuador, Belize, Pakistan, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Azerbaijan, Andorra, Syria, Libya, India, Peru, Ethiopia and Morocco. The Committee will meet again at 10 a.m. Wednesday, 13 November, to conclude its consideration of the promotion and protection of the rights of children. It is also expected to take action on several resolutions on illicit drug trafficking, refugees and follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995).

Committee Work Programme

The Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) met this afternoon to continue its consideration of the promotion and protection of the rights of the child. (For details, see Press Releases GA/SHC/3384 of 11 November and GA/SHC/3382 of 8 November.)

Statements

LEANNE KERR (Australia) urged countries who had not already done so to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child. She said the challenge to implement lay with national Governments but there was also scope for regional and international action, especially in tackling cross-border problems such as trafficking in children, child sex tourism and child pornography. The World Congress on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children was a model for cooperation which hopefully would form the basis for future action on behalf of children.

In order to contribute to a safer environment for children, Australia supported a global ban on the production, stockpiling, use and transfer of anti-personnel land-mines, and had implemented a unilateral suspension of the operational use of land-mines by the Australian defence forces, she continued. This year, the Government had announced a $12 million package of mine clearance assistance over three years to Cambodia and the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Despite legal obligations set out in article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, children continued to be exploited for their labour. Huge numbers suffered under contemporary forms of slavery, including debt bondage. The decision of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) to begin work on drafting a convention dealing specifically with exploitative child labour was welcome. Solutions must address underlying causes and ensure that children were given viable long-term alternatives rather than simply displacing children from jobs. Quality education and broader poverty alleviation strategies were crucial. However, poverty or lack of development must not be used as an excuse for exploitative child labour as the problem also existed in developed countries.

LAURENTIU PACHIU (Romania) said his country had not been left untouched by certain phenomena affecting the rights of children. The transition to a market economy led to disrupted services, the unravelling of special safety nets and the decline in economic indicators. Subsequent to the adoption of the necessary legal and institutional frameworks, the Romanian Government immediately took action in order to improve the situation of children, particularly those under especially difficult circumstances. As a result of joint national, regional and international efforts, the National Committee for the Protection of the Child launched a national plan of action for children in 1995. The plan has provided for a preventive and comprehensive approach on issues related to the improvement of the situation of children, particularly

street and abandoned children and those who were sexually exploited. The plan also paid great attention to special educational and public health programmes in order to contribute to the consolidation of families, including the strengthening of their parental responsibilities.

Romania strongly supported the urgent elaboration of the optional protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child related to the sale of children, child prostitution and pornography, and the impact of armed conflicts on children, he said. The Government had been both a beneficiary of the implementation of the relevant instruments and recommendations of the United Nations, and a willing contributor to the universal improvement of the situation of children.

IBRA DEGUENE KA (Senegal) said giving children a good education was simply preparing them for the future. Crime, illicit drugs, the use of children in armed conflict, and for prostitution and pornography must be addressed. Referring to the report of the Secretary-General's expert on the situation of children in armed conflict, he said it highlighted the failure of the international community to deal with the problems such as poverty which drove children to pick up a gun. The World Congress on the commercial exploitation of children had made important recommendations. Recent events such as those in the Great Lakes region of Africa made him wonder if there was any compassion left in the world. Too often, the international community had reacted rather than acted to prevent the type of situation in eastern Zaire. He supported the recommendations of Ms. Machel's report, particularly her call for the appointment of a special representative to deal with children in armed conflict.

He said Senegal had a national plan of action to implement the objectives of the World Summit for Children (New York, 1991), and its Declaration and Platform for Action dealing with children's health nutrition and education. His Government's programmes were based on the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Government had organized events and policies to educate the public and promote awareness of children's rights and needs.

CARLOS MOREIRA GARCIA (Brazil) said in the area of promotion and protection of the rights of the child, international cooperation played a crucial role in complementing national action to improve the welfare of children. The United Nations, as well as non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations, must increase their efforts to ensure greater awareness of -- and effective action to solve -- the problems that affect children. Matters relating to human rights and the situation of children should be regularly reviewed and monitored by all relevant organs and mechanisms of the United Nations system and by the supervisory bodies of the specialized agencies. In addition, the Government welcomed the High Commissioner for Human Rights plan of action to strengthen substantive support

for the Committee on the Rights of the Child and to provide whatever resources might be necessary for the implementation of its recommendations.

Concerning child labour, Brazil's public policies have been focused both on repression of outlaw practices and on attempts to eliminate the root causes of the problem, he said. The Government was implementing a "School Fellowship" project which consisted of paying a financial aid benefit to families that removed their children from the workplace and kept them in school. In this regard, Brazil enjoyed the technical cooperation offered by the ILO on special education programmes to working children in order to adapt them to formal education. Furthermore, Brazil now offered better training and salaries for teachers. It ensured that federal resources for education were delivered directly to the schools' boards and that expenditures were supervised by the local communities through locally elected school boards.

ESTHER M. TOLLE (Kenya) said the recommendation in Ms. Machel's report on the situation of children in armed conflict would go a long way towards shielding children from the consequences of war and would directly address the causes of conflicts. Her Government supported Ms. Machel's recommendation for the Secretary-General to appoint a special representative on children in armed conflict. Kenya was particularly concerned about the deteriorating humanitarian, political and security situation in the Great Lakes region of Africa, particularly in eastern Zaire. The on-going armed violence had increased the plight of children and women.

She said Kenya had ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child and was fully committed to implementing its provisions. As part of its follow-up to the Convention, her Government had put in place the following measures to protect the rights of children: a task force on the rights of the child to formulate programmes; a national policy paper to prepare a comprehensive bill on the rights of the child; a review of relevant existing laws to protect children; anti-pornography legislation; public awareness campaigns to eradicate harmful practices and social attitudes which discriminated against girls; and cost-effective programmes targeted at infants, pre-school children and pregnant women in rural areas. The Government also encouraged family and community to play a central role in the promotion and protection of children's rights especially in health, nutrition and education. It was also promoting the quality education for girls, particularly those from slums and poor rural areas.

XU HONG (China) said that in some parts of the world, due to poverty, natural disasters, armed conflicts and crimes against children, children's rights had been seriously violated. It was the task of Member States to ensure that every child enjoyed fully his or her rights, and they were required to take more effective measures to remove the root causes of children's problems and giving assistance to those in misery. Therefore, the Chinese Government strongly supported the discussions sponsored by the

relevant United Nations agencies on the protection of children's rights affected by armed conflicts and on the prevention and eradication of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. However, the question of establishing new monitoring mechanisms should be addressed with caution. Such new mechanisms might overlap with the functions of existing ones and trigger problems that were far more complicated than devising an instrument. China believed that a more appropriate and feasible approach would be to make full use of the current mechanisms.

According to statistics contained in the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 1996 report on the State of the World's Children, he saw China had done a better job than other developing countries in lowering children's mortality rate and improving their nutrition, health and education. The Chinese Government attached great importance to international cooperation in the field of protection of children, and it had assumed and conscientiously fulfilled the obligations specified in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Government had undertaken a campaign to publicize the Convention and it was ready to make continued and unremitting efforts, together with other countries, for the promotion of the cause of protecting children.

LUIS VALENCIA RODRIGUEZ (Ecuador) said great efforts were needed to resolve the many terrible problems facing children today. His country had adopted a programme in 1991 to achieve the goals set at the World Summit for Children and the objectives for the year 2000. Various government ministries as well as other national and provincial, private and public organizations had all been included in the national strategy. The Government had also intensified its efforts to bring about legislative reform and its present code on minors, in force since 1990, was in keeping with the provisions of the Convention. Ecuador had submitted its first report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, detailing its implementation of the Convention as well as the country's achievements and limitations. Ecuador's national programmes on children went beyond the provisions of social services such as school lunches and aimed to promote the idea of the child as the country's most precious resource.

ASDA JAYANAMA (Thailand) said the trafficking of children for sexual purposes was highly organized. Traffickers range from international criminal syndicates to local operators, involving both men and women; and child sex clients came from all economic and social levels. However, the alarming rate of increase in sexual exploitation of children in the world, including Thailand, was significantly attributable to the growth of international tourism. The root causes of the problem lay in global demand and local supply. In light of this, both sides of the problem must be tackled simultaneously, and close international cooperation was needed to effectively battle the problem.

At the global level, he said Thailand urged countries whose nationals were involved in sex tourism to criminalize the acts of their nationals when engaging in sexual exploitation against children in other countries. Many countries, including Sweden and Belgium, had approved laws and regulations to exert punitive actions against their citizens involved with illegal child prostitutes while travelling abroad. The media should cooperate by exercising discretion in disseminating information on child sexual abuse which might, unintentionally, have adverse consequences for sex tourism.

The Government of Thailand, in cooperation with UNICEF and other international organizations, had adopted a national plan of action for the prevention and eradication of the commercial sexual exploitation of children, he added. It had strengthened existing laws, particularly the criminal code punishing the paedophile and child sex abusers, including clients, traffickers, parents and caretakers of children, sex tourists and tour organizers.

LAWRENCE A. SYLVESTER (Belize), speaking on behalf of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), said more than 100 delegates from Governments, non- governmental organizations, and senior technical and legal experts had attended the Caribbean conference on the rights of the child held in Belize City from 7 to 19 October. It was sponsored by CARICOM and UNICEF to share experiences on meeting challenges in the post ratification period and review legal and social frameworks to maximize implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. A highlight of the conference was the participation of some 50 children and youth who met in a forum which issued in resolution format, specific recommendations on improving health, education, social welfare and the administration of juvenile justice.

He said Governments and civil society had been collaborating on addressing pivotal causes such as poverty and the breakdown of the family and the growing materialism which gave rise to the sexual exploitation of children. The rapid growth of home access to the internet and computer on- line services expanded opportunities for the sexual exploitation of children. He endorsed calls for greater attention to the internet's role in facilitating that form of abuse and more effective monitoring of children's use of high technology. Economic and social factors which forced a child to eke out a living, whether through legitimate activity in the formal sector or through prostitution or drug trafficking, must be addressed.

AHMAD KAMAL (Pakistan) said that in many developing countries the lives of children were endangered at birth or, in certain cases, before birth. The high rate of maternal and infant mortality, malnutrition and lack of adequate health-care, educational facilities and opportunities for the development of the full potential of the children were some causes of the violation of the rights of children. Economic deprivation and widespread poverty forced parents to send their children to work instead of school and thus exposed them

to economic exploitation. The girl child was particularly vulnerable to neglect, abuse and exploitation. Pakistan was pursuing the norms laid down by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and national laws were being reviewed and reformed to be in accord with the Convention and used as a source for regulatory and educational support for children.

The Government of Pakistan attached priority to the full protection of the rights of the children as guaranteed in the Convention, he said. Crimes against children leading to their death, disability, kidnapping, sexual abuse, torture and forced labour had been made punishable with the maximum penalty. Legislation on child labour and abuse of children was being implemented, and all child labour laws were being brought in conformity with ILO conventions.

The most important step in protecting the rights of children was making the advocacy of children's rights part of the global agenda, he said. Momentum must be maintained to protect children from the existing dangers and new and sinister forms of exploitation. The international community should work together for the survival and development of children, particularly in developing countries.

MARIA MANUELA LOPES DA ROSA (Guinea-Bissau) said every child should have adequate food, a good education, security, a home and a warm environment. The Convention on the Rights of the Child should not only be ratified by all countries, its provisions must be implemented. Her country had spared no effort in the implementation of the Convention and those efforts were part of an ongoing dynamic process. Regional meetings had been held to spread a greater knowledge of the Convention and promote regional cooperation and concerted action with the relevant United Nations agencies. The Committee on the Rights of the Child had played an important role in promoting the Convention.

The use of children in armed conflict was an abhorrent practice, she said. The report of the Secretary-General's expert on the issue was a courageous and important work. Her Government supported the report's recommendations. It would lead to more resolute international action to counter the practice. The situation of unaccompanied child refugees was another matter which must be addressed. Sexual exploitation was also a scourge and stronger legislation was needed to deal with it.

MAFOULA SYLLA (Guinea) said her Government welcomed the Secretary-General's report on progress achieved in implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child since the World Summit. The analysis of the various subjects by region reflected true situation of children in our States. Guinea had long expressed the will to develop social development programs for the most vulnerable groups in its society, particularly women and children and had established a governmental structure to assess and promote the situation of children. Following the World Summit, the Guinea legislature made

significant progress in protecting children, by amending the labour code and social security codes and establishing courts for children in the major centres.

By acceding to the Convention, she said her Government had established committees for children which played an important role in mobilizing society, acting as an advocate for children and drafting a national plan of action for education and protection of children. In addition, a health policy was established with wide-ranging vaccination and health care programmes. However, infant and child mortality rates were still disturbing. The adoption and implementation of a future programme of cooperation with UNICEF for 1997-2000, will hopefully help in the protection and survival of children. The involvement of society and advocacy for children were necessary to fully promote and protect rights of children.

FIKRET M. PASHAYEV (Azerbaijan), said the report of the Secretary-General's expert had indicated that millions of children were caught up in armed conflict in which they were not merely bystanders but also victims of armed aggression and genocide. However, he could not agree with the report's statement that all major armed conflicts around the world in 1995 were internal and took place within States. Unfortunately, the report did not reflect the conditions of hundreds of thousands of children, refugees and displaced persons in Azerbaijan. As a result of the armed aggression by Armenia and its continuing occupation of 20 per cent of Azerbaijan's territory, there were one million refugees and displaced persons, many of them women and children. The Armenian army had destroyed 900 human settlements, as well homes, schools, mosques, social and cultural facilities, libraries and nurseries, all of which had a negative impact on children.

He said when millions of children, including thousands in his country lived in refugee camps, suffering from starvation and malnutrition, and lack of medical services, the international community must take effective action to protect their rights. International humanitarian organizations played a leading role in that task. Taking into account their limited resources, there must be a more effective process of post-conflict settlement, which included speedy repatriation of refugees and displaced persons, as well as reconciliation, recovery and development. The Convention on the Rights of the Child must be ratified by all Governments, but more importantly, it must be implemented. The welfare of children depended on the welfare of their mothers, strong economies and good neighbourly relations. His Government supported the recommendations in the report.

JOVAN FORNER-ROVIRA (Andorra) said the almost universal ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child demonstrated the interest that all countries had in the future of children. Andorra had ratified the Convention and was an active participant in its promotion. Education and tolerance for children had always been important to his Government, and it believed in an

ongoing dialogue between generations as a vital aspect of promoting tolerance and understanding.

In the area of education, Andorra was currently implementing a programme to expanding the programme of education for development in order to attract international figures appropriate to motivate students and educators, he said. The Government was also concerned with the issue of land-mines. Exploding mines did much more damage to the body of a child than of an adult, and in 1993 alone, 1.9 million new mines were laid throughout the world. Andorran children were lucky because although they knew the word for "war", they were more familiar with the word "peace".

FAYSSAL MEKDAD (Syria) said his Government punished parents who neglected children under the age of seven years by prison terms of one to three months. It also placed emphasis on modern education to ensure children received balanced physical and emotional instruction. School attendance was mandatory from ages six to fifteen years and attendance rates were 98 per cent. Education was also free from primary through secondary and university levels. Special courts had been set up to deal with delinquent crime and treat those young offenders. Due to Israel's occupation of the Golan Heights, tens of thousands of people, including women and children had been forced to leave their homes, affecting their education and health. The Government provided care for children who lost their parents through wars and also for the children of martyrs.

The report of the Secretary-General's expert on the situation of children in armed conflict included concrete recommendations, he said. Syria had ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child and had made its provisions applicable to domestic legislation. The Government had worked closely with UNICEF and other United Nations organizations and made children a priority in the country's national plans and programmes.

SUAAD OMAR ANNBAR (Libya) said the global report by Ms. Machel on the impact of armed conflict on children arrived at an appropriate time to spur the international community to protect children against armed conflicts, where they were killed, maimed, turned into refugees, and made to carry weapons. It was a disgrace to mankind what was happening to children in Africa, and it must be stopped as soon as possible. Practical steps must be taken to address the root causes and to stop armed conflicts throughout the world.

Among the important issues covered in Ms. Machel's report was the impact of sanctions that had given rise to moral issues, she said. It had been clearly shown that sanctions were ineffective and inhuman at the same time. Libya attached particular importance to this matter because it had been subjected to unjust sanctions, which the Security Council had decided to impose. These unjust sanctions imperiled the lives of many innocent people, including children, by limiting the amount and distribution of humanitarian

goods. In fact, mortality had increased markedly and a large number of mothers had died in childbirth. The international community should study the impact of sanctions on vulnerable groups, including children.

C. NARASIMAN (India) said the comprehensive and thought-provoking report of the Secretary-General's expert, Ms. Graca Machel marked an epochal event. The key to the study's success was action by Governments and also by the United Nations system, civil society and all parties to armed conflicts. Follow-up by and within the United Nations system required a lead agency and a special coordinator. Ms. Machel would need to be involved to provide moral authority and guide implementation and coordination and continue to sensitize public opinion on the issue.

The World Congress on the commercial sexual exploitation of children had identified various factors which contributed to the phenomenon, he continued. Poverty and the accompanying moral corrosion was one factor. Others included consumerism, racial and gender discrimination, erosion of values and the breakdown of family structures. The involvement of organized crime in the procurement of children had been confirmed. Sex tourists had been recognized as the major source of demand for child prostitutes. Most victims came from developing countries and consumers came mainly from industrialized countries. More corrective measures must be taken by the Governments and media of developed countries.

MIGUEL BARRETO (Peru) said the rapid and wide ratification of the Convention for the Rights of the Child clearly showed the international community's political will and determination, but that support had not been reflected in the field. Children still lived in poverty and in difficult circumstances, and the three reports before the Committee clearly illustrated their situations. Ms. Machel's report was an important document in understanding the situation of children in armed conflicts. A policy of pacification had been applied in Peru, and the Government had set up emergency areas to provide for the basic needs of the displaced populations and the development needs of those areas. The Government must overcome the serious problems in the society, but it must also protect the children.

The Government was currently implementing a programme for restructuring that had led to some growth, but the country still faced hard times, he said. A national food and nutrition plan for 1996-2000 for children and families was in the drafting phase, and at present The National Plan for Children for 1996-2000 had the participation of various national and local programmes and organizations. In addition, the work of the UNICEF had enabled the Government of Peru to look for new solutions to problems affecting children.

JANAKA NAKKAWITA (Sri Lanka), said his Government was heartened that progress had been made in achieving the goals set by the World Summit on Children and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The report of

Graca Machel on the situation of children in armed conflict was thorough in its examination of the problem. Sri Lanka was only too well aware of the ravages armed conflict could bring to children, with its experience of a terrorist situation resulting in deaths and injury to countless women and children. Children had been uprooted from their homes, becoming refugees and orphans.

He said Sri Lanka's army did not recruit child soldiers, but terrorist groups had adopted that practice and referred to child soldiers as "baby brigades". It was time the international community addressed the problem not only through universal condemnation but also by demanding that lawless groups stopped "devouring the innocent". Sri Lanka had taken several measures for the welfare of children so affected in collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNICEF and other non-governmental organizations.

FESSEHA TESSEMA (Ethiopia) said his Government had taken practical measures to abide by its commitments enshrined in both the Declaration and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Young people comprised more than 50 per cent of Ethiopia's population, so it was natural for the country to make the protection and promotion of the rights of children a priority agenda. Ethiopia strongly believed in the need to formulate and execute time- bound, specific and action-oriented strategies in order to provide permanent solutions to the problems faced by the world's children.

As a country which had experienced thirty years of armed conflict, Ethiopia added its voice to all the nations calling for urgent assistance for the world's children affected by armed conflicts, he said. Intra-state conflicts, which were characterized by civil strife, caused tremendous damage to the innocent civilians, mostly children. Governments, the United Nations system, the Bretton Woods institutions, non-governmental organizations and other entities need to take concrete actions in order to implement the statements and recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General's expert.

JUAN ANTONIO FERNANDEZ PALACIOS (Cuba) said the World Summit for Children (New York 1991), had been a milestone in efforts to protect children. There had been many eloquent promises and ambitious goals. However, children could not survive on promises, they needed development and protection. There was a need to put an end to wars, abuse and the sexual exploitation of children. The Convention on the Rights of the Child was a multi-disciplinary mechanism, but its ratification alone was not enough. More decisive efforts were needed. For example, discriminatory legislation was being enacted in some areas to deny children access to basic education and health services -- in flagrant violation of their human rights -- simply because they were the children of immigrants. The exploitation of child labour, poverty and high mortality rates from curable diseases continued.

He said every year, many boys and girls became victims of commercial sexual exploitation, a deadly trade which destroyed the lives of children and led to an increase in the incidence of HIV/AIDS. Every year conflicts, which weapons from industrial countries helped make more devastating, left up to 2 million children dead, and millions more wounded and disabled. Cuba commended the report of the Secretary-General's expert, Ms. Graca Machel, for illuminating the effects of armed conflict on children.

YAMINA BENNANI AKHAMLISH (Morocco) said all States must act with the greatest possible urgency if more children throughout the world were to live in peace and security. Since the World Summit and the conferences that followed it, there had been a period of unprecedented national and international activity to protect children. The Summit had given rise to greater activities and cooperation among international organizations, and it had acted as a catalyst to rouse and carry forward national and local efforts to serve children. The Convention on the Rights of the Child was the most complete instrument to promote and serve children.

Ms. Machel's study provided impartial and impassioned evidence on the tragic lives of children who were held hostage by armed conflict, she said. The report's recommendations must be implemented as carefully as possible, because the current world situation left little room for optimism. Morocco believed that devising policies to prevent armed conflict was one of the major responsibilities of the international community. New and effective steps must be taken to ban the international trade in cheap, light weapons used to facilitate the recruitment of young children.

Regarding child labour, Morocco was making efforts to ratify the convention of the ILO on the minimum age for child labour, she said. However, the Government was convinced that the phenomenon of child labour could not be tackled through legislation alone because of the problem's complex system of root causes. The recent World Congress in Stockholm made the international community much more aware of the problems of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. It was now more essential than ever to mobilize material and financial commitments and facilitate cooperation to combat the evils discussed at Stockholm.

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